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PubMed: 0002-9637
Tracking eastern equine encephalitis virus perpetuation in the northeastern United States by phylogenetic analysis.
Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Stull JW, Mores CN Related Articles Tracking eastern equine encephalitis virus perpetuation in the northeastern United States by phylogenetic analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Aug;79(2):291-6 Authors: Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Stull JW, Mores CN Epidemics and epizootics of eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) occur sporadically in temperate regions where transmission is seasonal from late summer to early fall. These outbreaks may derive from virus that overwinters locally or perhaps results from reintroduction of virus from other sites. To evaluate these possibilities, we compared the phylogenetic relationships of EEEV isolates obtained from mosquitoes collected during statewide arbovirus surveillance in Connecticut, in addition to isolates from concurrent outbreaks in southern New Hampshire and upstate New York. In Connecticut, viral isolates grouped into temporally discrete clades by year of isolation or over 2 years of sampling. Two or more clades arose in 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, and 2006, possibly the result of separate introduction events into the state, whereas viruses from upstate New York and New Hampshire segregated into single clades that persisted for 2 or more years. New Hampshire viruses shared recent common ancestry to those isolated in Connecticut suggesting viral dispersal among these regions. These results provide additional evidence for independent episodes of EEEV overwintering in northern foci. PMID: 18689638 [PubMed - in process]
Passive immunity to West Nile virus provides limited protection in a common passerine species.
Nemeth NM, Oesterle PT, Bowen RA Related Articles Passive immunity to West Nile virus provides limited protection in a common passerine species. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Aug;79(2):283-90 Authors: Nemeth NM, Oesterle PT, Bowen RA Passerine birds have played an important role in the establishment, maintenance, and spread of West Nile virus (WNV) in North America, and some are susceptible to WNV-associated mortality. Characterization of passive transfer of anti-WNV antibodies in passerines is important to understanding transmission and demographic effects of WNV on wild birds. We showed passively acquired maternal antibodies to WNV in the house sparrow (Passer domesticus). Although all seropositive females (N = 18) produced antibody-positive egg yolks, only 20% of seropositive mothers (3/15) produced seropositive chicks. The estimated average half-life of maternal antibodies in chick sera was 3 days, and no antibodies were detected after 9 days post-hatch (DPH). Maternal antibodies failed to provide protection against viremia in chicks at 21-25 DPH. Although the observed duration of persistence of passively inherited anti-WNV antibodies in house sparrows differs from some non-passerine birds, it remains unknown whether similar patterns occur in other passerines. PMID: 18689637 [PubMed - in process]
Pathogenesis of XJ and Romero strains of Junin virus in two strains of guinea pigs.
Yun NE, Linde NS, Dziuba N, Zacks MA, Smith JN, Smith JK, Aronson JF, Chumakova OV, Lander HM, Peters CJ, Paessler S Related Articles Pathogenesis of XJ and Romero strains of Junin virus in two strains of guinea pigs. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Aug;79(2):275-82 Authors: Yun NE, Linde NS, Dziuba N, Zacks MA, Smith JN, Smith JK, Aronson JF, Chumakova OV, Lander HM, Peters CJ, Paessler S Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF), a systemic infectious disease caused by infection with Junin virus, affects several organs, and patients can show hematologic, cardiovascular, renal, or neurologic symptoms. We compared the virulence of two Junin virus strains in inbred and outbred guinea pigs with the aim of characterizing this animal model better for future vaccine/antiviral efficacy studies. Our data indicate that this passage of the XJ strain is attenuated in guinea pigs. In contrast, the Romero strain is highly virulent in Strain 13 as well as in Hartley guinea pigs, resulting in systemic infection, thrombocytopenia, elevated aspartate aminotransferase levels, and ultimately, uniformly lethal disease. We detected viral antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Thus, both guinea pig strains are useful animal models for lethal Junin virus (Romero strain) infection and potentially can be used for preclinical trials in vaccine or antiviral drug development. PMID: 18689636 [PubMed - in process]
The effects of midgut serine proteases on dengue virus type 2 infectivity of Aedes aegypti.
Brackney DE, Foy BD, Olson KE Related Articles The effects of midgut serine proteases on dengue virus type 2 infectivity of Aedes aegypti. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Aug;79(2):267-74 Authors: Brackney DE, Foy BD, Olson KE Dengue viruses (DENV) cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide and are transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Mosquitoes become infected after ingesting a viremic bloodmeal, and molecular mechanisms involved in bloodmeal digestion may affect the ability of DENV to infect the midgut. We used RNA interference (RNAi) to silence expression of four midgut serine proteases and assessed the effect of each RNAi phenotype on DENV-2 infectivity of Aedes aegypti. Silencing resulted in significant reductions in protease mRNA levels and correlated with a reduction in activity except in the case of late trypsin. RNA silencing of chymotrypsin, early and late trypsin had no effect on DENV-2 infectivity. However, silencing of 5G1 or the addition of soybean trypsin inhibitor to the infectious bloodmeals significantly increased midgut infection rates. These results suggest that some midgut serine proteases may actually limit DENV-2 infectivity of Ae. aegypti. PMID: 18689635 [PubMed - in process]
Humoral immune response of dengue hemorrhagic fever cases in children from Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
De Rivera IL, Parham L, Murillo W, Moncada W, Vazquez S Related Articles Humoral immune response of dengue hemorrhagic fever cases in children from Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Aug;79(2):262-6 Authors: De Rivera IL, Parham L, Murillo W, Moncada W, Vazquez S The humoral immune response in Honduran dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) hospitalized pediatric cases from the epidemics of 2004 and 2005 was studied in sera collected from 5 to 7 days of fever onset. A total of 145 cases were included in the study: 40 classified as primary with DHF Grade I or II and 86 classified as secondary; from them, 73 were DHF Grade I or II and 13 were dengue shock syndrome (DSS) Grade III or IV. The highest number of primary cases was found in children < 1 year of age. The highest number of secondary cases was observed in children between 5 and 10 years of age. The IgA values showed a statistically significant difference between primary and secondary groups. The relationship between antibody responses and severity grade is discussed. This is the first study related to the humoral immune response and severity grade in DHF cases in Honduran children. PMID: 18689634 [PubMed - in process]
Isolation and identification of a novel spotted fever group rickettsia, strain IG-1, from Ixodes granulatus ticks collected on Orchid Island (Lanyu), Taiwan.
Tsai KH, Wang HC, Chen CH, Huang JH, Lu HY, Su CL, Shu PY Related Articles Isolation and identification of a novel spotted fever group rickettsia, strain IG-1, from Ixodes granulatus ticks collected on Orchid Island (Lanyu), Taiwan. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Aug;79(2):256-61 Authors: Tsai KH, Wang HC, Chen CH, Huang JH, Lu HY, Su CL, Shu PY A novel species of spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsia, Rickettsia spp. IG-1, was identified and isolated from adult Ixodes granulatus ticks collected from Orchid Island (Lanyu), an islet located in southeastern Taiwan. Serum samples collected from the rodent host Rattus losea and SFG-positive human serum reacted with IG-1 using an immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Pairwise nucleotide sequence analysis of 16S rRNA (rrs), gltA, ompA, ompB, and sca4 shows that IG-1 belongs to SFG rickettsiae and had the highest nucleotide sequence similarities to Rickettsia slovaca and R. sibirica. Phylogenetic analysis of the ompA, ompB genes and sca4 shows that IG-1 is most closely related to R. honei. The results showed the sequence divergence of this novel isolate from those rickettsiae previously characterized using the criteria proposed by Fournier and others. Whether IG-1 is pathogenic for humans remains to be studied. PMID: 18689633 [PubMed - in process]
Evolutionary origins, diversification, and biogeography of liver flukes (Digenea, Fasciolidae).
Lotfy WM, Brant SV, DeJong RJ, Le TH, Demiaszkiewicz A, Rajapakse RP, Perera VB, Laursen JR, Loker ES Related Articles Evolutionary origins, diversification, and biogeography of liver flukes (Digenea, Fasciolidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Aug;79(2):248-55 Authors: Lotfy WM, Brant SV, DeJong RJ, Le TH, Demiaszkiewicz A, Rajapakse RP, Perera VB, Laursen JR, Loker ES Fasciolid flukes are among the largest and best known digenetic trematodes and have considerable historical and veterinary significance. Fasciola hepatica is commonly implicated in causing disease in humans. The origins, patterns of diversification, and biogeography of fasciolids are all poorly known. We have undertaken a molecular phylogenetic study using 28S, internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 (ITS-1 and ITS-2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA, and mitochondrial nicotinamide dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) that included seven of the nine recognized species in the family. The fasciolids examined comprise a monophyletic group with the most basal species recovered from African elephants. We hypothesize fasciolids migrated from Africa to Eurasia, with secondary colonization of Africa. Fasciolids have been conservative in maintaining relatively large adult body size, but anatomical features of their digestive and reproductive systems are available. These flukes have been opportunistic, with respect to switching to new snail (planorbid to lymnaeid) and mammalian hosts and from intestinal to hepatic habitats within mammals. PMID: 18689632 [PubMed - in process]
Genetic analysis of Echinococcus multilocularis originating from a patient with alveolar echinococcosis occurring in Minnesota in 1977.
Yamasaki H, Nakao M, Nakaya K, Schantz PM, Ito A Related Articles Genetic analysis of Echinococcus multilocularis originating from a patient with alveolar echinococcosis occurring in Minnesota in 1977. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Aug;79(2):245-7 Authors: Yamasaki H, Nakao M, Nakaya K, Schantz PM, Ito A To date, only a single proven case of autochthonous human alveolar echinococcosis has been recorded in Minnesota in 1977. At that time, echinococcal lesions removed from the patient were experimentally inoculated into voles, and the parasite materials obtained from the voles were preserved as histopathologic specimens for 30 years. In this study, retrospective genetic analysis of larval Echinococcus multilocularis originating in the human case was performed using the histopathologic specimens. DNA was extracted from the hematoxylin and eosin-stained specimens, and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Subsequently, 20 small fragments (100-216 bp) covering almost the entire sequences (97%) of the cox1 were successfully amplified, and the nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the E. multilocularis isolate from Minnesota was almost identical to an isolate from South Dakota rather than isolates from contiguous Alaska. PMID: 18689631 [PubMed - in process]
Rapid suppression of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in two communities of the Southern Chiapas focus, Mexico, achieved by quarterly treatments with Mectizan.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Lutzow-Steiner MA, Segura-Cabrera A, Lizarazo-Ortega C, Domínguez-Vázquez A, Sauerbrey M, Richards F, Unnasch TR, Hassan HK, Hernández-Hernández R Related Articles Rapid suppression of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in two communities of the Southern Chiapas focus, Mexico, achieved by quarterly treatments with Mectizan. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Aug;79(2):239-44 Authors: Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Lutzow-Steiner MA, Segura-Cabrera A, Lizarazo-Ortega C, Domínguez-Vázquez A, Sauerbrey M, Richards F, Unnasch TR, Hassan HK, Hernández-Hernández R The impact of quarterly Mectizan (ivermectin) treatments on transmission, microfiladermia, and ocular lesions was evaluated in two formerly hyperendemic communities (Las Golondrinas and Las Nubes II) located in the main endemic focus for onchocerciasis in Southern Chiapas, Mexico. The data suggest that Onchocerca volvulus transmission has been suppressed after elimination of microfiladermia in these two communities. Increasing the frequency of Mectizan treatment to four times per year appears to have resulted in the rapid suppression of transmission in communities with residual transmission. PMID: 18689630 [PubMed - in process]
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Tracking eastern equine encephalitis virus perpetuation in the northeastern United States by phylogenetic analysis.
Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Stull JW, Mores CN Related Articles Tracking eastern equine encephalitis virus perpetuation in the northeastern United States by phylogenetic analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Aug;79(2):291-6 Authors: Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Stull JW, Mores CN Epidemics and epizootics of eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) occur sporadically in temperate regions where transmission is seasonal from late summer to early fall. These outbreaks may derive from virus that overwinters locally or perhaps results from reintroduction of virus from other sites. To evaluate these possibilities, we compared the phylogenetic relationships of EEEV isolates obtained from mosquitoes collected during statewide arbovirus surveillance in Connecticut, in addition to isolates from concurrent outbreaks in southern New Hampshire and upstate New York. In Connecticut, viral isolates grouped into temporally discrete clades by year of isolation or over 2 years of sampling. Two or more clades arose in 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, and 2006, possibly the result of separate introduction events into the state, whereas viruses from upstate New York and New Hampshire segregated into single clades that persisted for 2 or more years. New Hampshire viruses shared recent common ancestry to those isolated in Connecticut suggesting viral dispersal among these regions. These results provide additional evidence for independent episodes of EEEV overwintering in northern foci. PMID: 18689638 [PubMed - in process]
Passive immunity to West Nile virus provides limited protection in a common passerine species.
Nemeth NM, Oesterle PT, Bowen RA Related Articles Passive immunity to West Nile virus provides limited protection in a common passerine species. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Aug;79(2):283-90 Authors: Nemeth NM, Oesterle PT, Bowen RA Passerine birds have played an important role in the establishment, maintenance, and spread of West Nile virus (WNV) in North America, and some are susceptible to WNV-associated mortality. Characterization of passive transfer of anti-WNV antibodies in passerines is important to understanding transmission and demographic effects of WNV on wild birds. We showed passively acquired maternal antibodies to WNV in the house sparrow (Passer domesticus). Although all seropositive females (N = 18) produced antibody-positive egg yolks, only 20% of seropositive mothers (3/15) produced seropositive chicks. The estimated average half-life of maternal antibodies in chick sera was 3 days, and no antibodies were detected after 9 days post-hatch (DPH). Maternal antibodies failed to provide protection against viremia in chicks at 21-25 DPH. Although the observed duration of persistence of passively inherited anti-WNV antibodies in house sparrows differs from some non-passerine birds, it remains unknown whether similar patterns occur in other passerines. PMID: 18689637 [PubMed - in process]
Pathogenesis of XJ and Romero strains of Junin virus in two strains of guinea pigs.
Yun NE, Linde NS, Dziuba N, Zacks MA, Smith JN, Smith JK, Aronson JF, Chumakova OV, Lander HM, Peters CJ, Paessler S Related Articles Pathogenesis of XJ and Romero strains of Junin virus in two strains of guinea pigs. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Aug;79(2):275-82 Authors: Yun NE, Linde NS, Dziuba N, Zacks MA, Smith JN, Smith JK, Aronson JF, Chumakova OV, Lander HM, Peters CJ, Paessler S Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF), a systemic infectious disease caused by infection with Junin virus, affects several organs, and patients can show hematologic, cardiovascular, renal, or neurologic symptoms. We compared the virulence of two Junin virus strains in inbred and outbred guinea pigs with the aim of characterizing this animal model better for future vaccine/antiviral efficacy studies. Our data indicate that this passage of the XJ strain is attenuated in guinea pigs. In contrast, the Romero strain is highly virulent in Strain 13 as well as in Hartley guinea pigs, resulting in systemic infection, thrombocytopenia, elevated aspartate aminotransferase levels, and ultimately, uniformly lethal disease. We detected viral antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Thus, both guinea pig strains are useful animal models for lethal Junin virus (Romero strain) infection and potentially can be used for preclinical trials in vaccine or antiviral drug development. PMID: 18689636 [PubMed - in process]
The effects of midgut serine proteases on dengue virus type 2 infectivity of Aedes aegypti.
Brackney DE, Foy BD, Olson KE Related Articles The effects of midgut serine proteases on dengue virus type 2 infectivity of Aedes aegypti. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Aug;79(2):267-74 Authors: Brackney DE, Foy BD, Olson KE Dengue viruses (DENV) cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide and are transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Mosquitoes become infected after ingesting a viremic bloodmeal, and molecular mechanisms involved in bloodmeal digestion may affect the ability of DENV to infect the midgut. We used RNA interference (RNAi) to silence expression of four midgut serine proteases and assessed the effect of each RNAi phenotype on DENV-2 infectivity of Aedes aegypti. Silencing resulted in significant reductions in protease mRNA levels and correlated with a reduction in activity except in the case of late trypsin. RNA silencing of chymotrypsin, early and late trypsin had no effect on DENV-2 infectivity. However, silencing of 5G1 or the addition of soybean trypsin inhibitor to the infectious bloodmeals significantly increased midgut infection rates. These results suggest that some midgut serine proteases may actually limit DENV-2 infectivity of Ae. aegypti. PMID: 18689635 [PubMed - in process]
Humoral immune response of dengue hemorrhagic fever cases in children from Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
De Rivera IL, Parham L, Murillo W, Moncada W, Vazquez S Related Articles Humoral immune response of dengue hemorrhagic fever cases in children from Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Aug;79(2):262-6 Authors: De Rivera IL, Parham L, Murillo W, Moncada W, Vazquez S The humoral immune response in Honduran dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) hospitalized pediatric cases from the epidemics of 2004 and 2005 was studied in sera collected from 5 to 7 days of fever onset. A total of 145 cases were included in the study: 40 classified as primary with DHF Grade I or II and 86 classified as secondary; from them, 73 were DHF Grade I or II and 13 were dengue shock syndrome (DSS) Grade III or IV. The highest number of primary cases was found in children < 1 year of age. The highest number of secondary cases was observed in children between 5 and 10 years of age. The IgA values showed a statistically significant difference between primary and secondary groups. The relationship between antibody responses and severity grade is discussed. This is the first study related to the humoral immune response and severity grade in DHF cases in Honduran children. PMID: 18689634 [PubMed - in process]
Isolation and identification of a novel spotted fever group rickettsia, strain IG-1, from Ixodes granulatus ticks collected on Orchid Island (Lanyu), Taiwan.
Tsai KH, Wang HC, Chen CH, Huang JH, Lu HY, Su CL, Shu PY Related Articles Isolation and identification of a novel spotted fever group rickettsia, strain IG-1, from Ixodes granulatus ticks collected on Orchid Island (Lanyu), Taiwan. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Aug;79(2):256-61 Authors: Tsai KH, Wang HC, Chen CH, Huang JH, Lu HY, Su CL, Shu PY A novel species of spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsia, Rickettsia spp. IG-1, was identified and isolated from adult Ixodes granulatus ticks collected from Orchid Island (Lanyu), an islet located in southeastern Taiwan. Serum samples collected from the rodent host Rattus losea and SFG-positive human serum reacted with IG-1 using an immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Pairwise nucleotide sequence analysis of 16S rRNA (rrs), gltA, ompA, ompB, and sca4 shows that IG-1 belongs to SFG rickettsiae and had the highest nucleotide sequence similarities to Rickettsia slovaca and R. sibirica. Phylogenetic analysis of the ompA, ompB genes and sca4 shows that IG-1 is most closely related to R. honei. The results showed the sequence divergence of this novel isolate from those rickettsiae previously characterized using the criteria proposed by Fournier and others. Whether IG-1 is pathogenic for humans remains to be studied. PMID: 18689633 [PubMed - in process]
Evolutionary origins, diversification, and biogeography of liver flukes (Digenea, Fasciolidae).
Lotfy WM, Brant SV, DeJong RJ, Le TH, Demiaszkiewicz A, Rajapakse RP, Perera VB, Laursen JR, Loker ES Related Articles Evolutionary origins, diversification, and biogeography of liver flukes (Digenea, Fasciolidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Aug;79(2):248-55 Authors: Lotfy WM, Brant SV, DeJong RJ, Le TH, Demiaszkiewicz A, Rajapakse RP, Perera VB, Laursen JR, Loker ES Fasciolid flukes are among the largest and best known digenetic trematodes and have considerable historical and veterinary significance. Fasciola hepatica is commonly implicated in causing disease in humans. The origins, patterns of diversification, and biogeography of fasciolids are all poorly known. We have undertaken a molecular phylogenetic study using 28S, internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 (ITS-1 and ITS-2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA, and mitochondrial nicotinamide dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) that included seven of the nine recognized species in the family. The fasciolids examined comprise a monophyletic group with the most basal species recovered from African elephants. We hypothesize fasciolids migrated from Africa to Eurasia, with secondary colonization of Africa. Fasciolids have been conservative in maintaining relatively large adult body size, but anatomical features of their digestive and reproductive systems are available. These flukes have been opportunistic, with respect to switching to new snail (planorbid to lymnaeid) and mammalian hosts and from intestinal to hepatic habitats within mammals. PMID: 18689632 [PubMed - in process]
Genetic analysis of Echinococcus multilocularis originating from a patient with alveolar echinococcosis occurring in Minnesota in 1977.
Yamasaki H, Nakao M, Nakaya K, Schantz PM, Ito A Related Articles Genetic analysis of Echinococcus multilocularis originating from a patient with alveolar echinococcosis occurring in Minnesota in 1977. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Aug;79(2):245-7 Authors: Yamasaki H, Nakao M, Nakaya K, Schantz PM, Ito A To date, only a single proven case of autochthonous human alveolar echinococcosis has been recorded in Minnesota in 1977. At that time, echinococcal lesions removed from the patient were experimentally inoculated into voles, and the parasite materials obtained from the voles were preserved as histopathologic specimens for 30 years. In this study, retrospective genetic analysis of larval Echinococcus multilocularis originating in the human case was performed using the histopathologic specimens. DNA was extracted from the hematoxylin and eosin-stained specimens, and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Subsequently, 20 small fragments (100-216 bp) covering almost the entire sequences (97%) of the cox1 were successfully amplified, and the nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the E. multilocularis isolate from Minnesota was almost identical to an isolate from South Dakota rather than isolates from contiguous Alaska. PMID: 18689631 [PubMed - in process]
Rapid suppression of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in two communities of the Southern Chiapas focus, Mexico, achieved by quarterly treatments with Mectizan.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Lutzow-Steiner MA, Segura-Cabrera A, Lizarazo-Ortega C, Domínguez-Vázquez A, Sauerbrey M, Richards F, Unnasch TR, Hassan HK, Hernández-Hernández R Related Articles Rapid suppression of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in two communities of the Southern Chiapas focus, Mexico, achieved by quarterly treatments with Mectizan. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Aug;79(2):239-44 Authors: Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Lutzow-Steiner MA, Segura-Cabrera A, Lizarazo-Ortega C, Domínguez-Vázquez A, Sauerbrey M, Richards F, Unnasch TR, Hassan HK, Hernández-Hernández R The impact of quarterly Mectizan (ivermectin) treatments on transmission, microfiladermia, and ocular lesions was evaluated in two formerly hyperendemic communities (Las Golondrinas and Las Nubes II) located in the main endemic focus for onchocerciasis in Southern Chiapas, Mexico. The data suggest that Onchocerca volvulus transmission has been suppressed after elimination of microfiladermia in these two communities. Increasing the frequency of Mectizan treatment to four times per year appears to have resulted in the rapid suppression of transmission in communities with residual transmission. PMID: 18689630 [PubMed - in process]
Sites:
A Guide to Travel Health and Tropical Diseases: Tropical diseases and in particular Malaria are increasing worldwide. What your doctor doesn't tell you: Amebiasis, Giardiasis, Diarrhea, Yellow Fever, Hepatitis, Cholera, Dengue fever...American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene: Web site for American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
American Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene: Purpose includes the prevention and control of tropical diseases through research and education.
Australasian College of Tropical Medicine: Australasian College of Tropical Medicine Main Site.
Department of Tropical Hygiene and Public Health: Infektionserkrankungen Infectious Diseases Hygiene Hygiene Mikrobiologie Microbiology Bakteriologie Bacteriology Mykologie Mycology Hygiene-Institut Heidelberg Institute of Hygiene Heidelberg Krankenhaushygiene Hospital Hygiene MRSA MRSA Umwelthygiene Environmental Hygiene Krankenhausinfektion Ho...
Gorgas Course in Clinical Tropical Medicine: The Gorgas Course in Clinical Tropical Medicine
International Federation of Tropical Medicine: The organization was found to coordinate and facilitate the exchange of information among national tropical medicine societies.
International Registry of Tropical Imaging : Archive for imaging studies (X-rays, ultrasound, CT, MRI) of over 60 parasitic and non-parasitic tropical diseases.
ITG (Institute of Tropical Medicine) Library: Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical MedicineThe Library Antwerpen, Belgium, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical MedicineThe Library Antwerpen, Belgium
Malaria: A digital library of naval medicine and military medicine and humanitarian medicine
Malaria Foundation: Mission is to facilitate the development and implementation of solutions to the health, economic and social problems caused by malaria.
McGill University Centre for Tropical Diseases: Tropical Diseases research and Tropical Disease clinical and Tropicaql Medicine and Tropical Disease education.
Parasite and Vector Biology Division: A division of Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. Features research interests and publications. (UK)
Research and Training in Tropical Diseases: Website of the UNICEF-UNDP-World Bank-WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases
Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene: London-based organization promoting the study, control and prevention of tropical diseases.
Swiss Tropical Institute: Mission is contribute to the improvement of the health of populations internationally through research, services and teaching and training. Site available in English, Deutsch, or Français.
The Hospital for Tropical Diseases : Travel Health: The Hospital for Tropical Diseases is dedicated to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of tropical diseases and travel related infections.
Tropical Disease Research: Division of WHO which promotes, advocates and coordinates tropical disease control to improve the health status of individual communities and populations.
Tropical Medicine 101: Clinical tropical medicine course held in Panajachel, Guatemala by an all-volunteer, non-profit organization working with indigenous Mayan communities. CME available.
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases: Tropical medicine
Tropical Medicine Internet Resources: Links arranged by subject. Hosted by the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.
Tropical-Medicine.net: Information about diseases of the tropics including bacterial, viral and parasitic causes, treatments, and outcomes. Part of the ALtruis Biomedical Network.
TROPMEDEX : Tropical Medicine Expeditions: Educational Travel: Intensive learning course on Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine for health care professionals in Kenya and Uganda (East Africa)
Wellcome Trust Centre for Tropical Medicine: Provides information on research conducted on public health issues in tropical countries. Links, meetings and publications are included on the website.
This directory is based on the Open Directory and may have been modified