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American Journal of Industrial Medicine
Upper extremity pain and computer use among engineering graduate students: A replication study
Cammie Chaumont Menéndez, Benjamin C. Amick III, Mark Jenkins, Cyrus Caroom, Michelle Robertson, Ronald B. Harrist, Jeffrey N. Katz Mon, 17 Nov 2008 13:55:00 -0000
Recent literature identified upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms at a prevalence of >40% in college populations. The study objectives were to determine weekly computer use and the prevalence of upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms in a graduate student population, and make comparisons with previous graduate and undergraduate cohorts.One hundred sixty-six graduate students completed a survey on computing and musculoskeletal health. Associations between individual factors and symptom status, functional limitations, academic impact, medication use, and health services utilization were determined. Logistic regression analyses evaluated the association between symptom status and computing. Cross-study comparisons were made.More symptomatic participants experienced functional limitations than asymptomatic participants (74% vs. 32%, P < 0.001) and reported medication use for computing pain (34% vs. 10%, P < 0.01). More participants who experienced symptoms within an hour of computing used health services compared to those who experienced symptoms after an hour of computer use (60% vs. 12%, P < 0.01). Years of computer use (OR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.05-2.40) and number of years in school where weekly computer use was more than 10 hr (OR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.04-2.35) were associated with pain within an hour of computing. Cross-study comparisons found college populations more similar than different.The overall findings reinforced previous literature documenting the prevalence of upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms in college populations, suggesting an important population for participating in public health interventions designed to support healthy computing practices and identify risk factors important to evaluate in future cohort studies. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Injuries and fatalities to U.S. farmers and farm workers 55 years and older
John R. Myers, Larry A. Layne, Suzanne M. Marsh Mon, 17 Nov 2008 13:55:00 -0000
Previous studies have shown that older farmers and farm workers have been identified at high risk for farm fatalities, most notably involving tractor overturns. Older farmers also incur more severe non-fatal injuries.Data from two national surveillance systems are presented to describe fatal and non-fatal injuries occurring to older farmers 55+ years of age. Tractor-related fatality investigations for older farmers are examined for characteristics of the tractors not available in the injury surveillance systems.Older farmers and farm workers averaged 26,573 lost-time injuries annually in 2001 and 2004, with an injury rate of 4.5 injuries/100 workers/year compared to an overall farming injury rate of 4.8 injuries/100 workers/year. Fatality data show that older farmers accounted for over half of all farming deaths between 1992 and 2004 (3,671 of 7,064 deaths), and had a fatality rate of 45.8 deaths/100,000 workers/year compared to the overall farming fatality rate of 25.4 deaths/100,000 workers/year. Most common mechanisms of fatal injury to older farmers were "tractors" (46%), "trucks" (7%), and "animals" (5%).Although older farmers and farm workers are at lower risk of overall injury compared to their younger counterparts, injuries to farmers 55 years and older tend to be much more severe. To effectively minimize the risk faced by older farmers, prevention programs must encourage safe work behaviors and practices and the implementation/installation of appropriate safety devices and equipment. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sickness absence and workplace levels of satisfaction with psychosocial work conditions at public service workplaces
Torsten Munch-Hansen, Joanna Wieclaw, Esben Agerbo, Niels Westergaard-Nielsen, Mikael Rosenkilde, Jens Peter Bonde Mon, 17 Nov 2008 10:22:00 -0000
The objective of this study was to examine the impact of psychosocial work conditions on sickness absence while addressing methodological weaknesses in earlier studies.The participants were 13,437 employees from 698 public service workplace units in Aarhus County, Denmark. Satisfaction with psychosocial work conditions was rated on a scale from 0 (low) to 10 (high). Individual ratings were aggregated to workplace scores. Analysis of variance was used to compare the average number of days of yearly sickness absence in three groups with different levels of satisfaction with psychosocial work conditions.Sickness absence was 30.8% lower in the most satisfied group (11.7 days/year (CI 95%: 10.2; 13.1)) than in the least satisfied group (16.9 days/year (CI 95%: 15.3; 18.6)) adjusted for the covariates included.Satisfaction with psychosocial work conditions has a strong and independent impact on sickness absence. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Blood exposure incidence rates from the North Carolina study of home Care and hospice nurses
Jack K. Leiss, Jennifer T. Lyden, Rahel Mathews, Kathleen L. Sitzman, Abenah Vanderpuije, Deepak Mav, Mary Agnes Kendra, Cynthia Klein, Carolyn J. Humphrey Mon, 17 Nov 2008 11:36:00 -0000
Home care/hospice nurses may be at elevated risk of blood exposure because of the nature of their work and work environment. However, little is known about the incidence of blood exposure in this population.A mail survey (n = 1,473) was conducted among home care/hospice nurses in North Carolina in 2006.The adjusted response rate was 69%. Nine percent of nurses had at least one exposure/year. Overall incidence was 27.4 (95% confidence interval: 20.2, 34.6)/100,000 visits. Nurses who had worked in home care [le]5 years had higher exposure rates than other nurses - seven times higher for needlesticks and 3.5 times higher for non-intact skin exposures. Nurses who worked part time/contract had higher exposure rates than nurses who worked full time - seven times higher for needlesticks and 1.5 times higher for non-intact skin exposures. The rates for part-time/contract nurses with [le]5 years experience were extremely high. Sensitivity analysis showed that it is unlikely that response bias had an important impact on these results.Approximately 150 North Carolina home care/hospice nurses are exposed to blood annually. If these results are representative of other states, then approximately 12,000 home care/hospice nurses are exposed each year nationwide. Improved prevention efforts are needed to reduce blood exposure in home care/hospice nurses. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Optimum survey methods when interviewing employed women
Kari Dunning, Grace K. LeMasters Mon, 17 Nov 2008 11:36:00 -0000
While survey studies have examined bias much is unknown regarding specific subpopulations, especially women workers.A population based phone, Internet, and mail survey of workplace falls during pregnancy was undertaken. Participation by industry and occupation and survey approach and bias, reliability, and incomplete data were examined.Of the 3,997 women surveyed, 71% were employed during their pregnancy. Internet responders were most likely to be employed while pregnant and to report a workplace fall at 8.8% compared to 5.8% and 6.1% for mail and phone respondents. Internet responders had the most missing employment data with company name missing for 17.9% compared to 1.3% for phone responders. Mail surveys were best for recruiting those employed in eight of nine industries, and this was especially true for service occupations.To decrease bias and increase participation, mixed approaches may be useful with particular attention for collecting occupational data. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sensitization to wheat flour and enzymes and associated respiratory symptoms in British bakers
Joanne Harris-Roberts, Edward Robinson, Judith C. Waterhouse, Catherine G. Billings, Alison R. Proctor, Micah Stocks-Greaves, Shamim Rahman, Gareth Evans, Andrew Garrod, Andrew D. Curran, David Fishwick Mon, 17 Nov 2008 11:36:00 -0000
Current literature suggests that flour exposed workers continue to be at risk of allergic sensitization to flour dust and respiratory ill health.A cross-sectional study of 225 workers currently potentially exposed to flour dust in British bakeries was performed to identify predictors of sensitization to wheat flour and enzymes.Work-related nasal irritation was the most commonly reported symptom (28.9%) followed by eye irritation (13.3%) and work-related cough or chest tightness (both 10.2%). Work-related chest tightness was significantly associated (OR 7.9, 1.3-46.0) with co-sensitization to wheat flour and any added enzyme. Working at a bakery with inadequate control measures was not a risk factor for reporting work-related respiratory symptoms (OR 1.3, 0.4-3.7). Fifty-one workers were atopic and 23 (14%) were sensitized to workplace allergens. Atopy was the strongest predictive factor (OR 18.4, 5.3-64.3) determining sensitization. Current versus never smoking (OR 4.7, 1.1-20.8) was a significant risk factor for sensitization to wheat flour or enzymes in atopic workers only, corrected for current level and duration of exposure. This effect was not seen in non-atopic workers (OR 1.9, 0.2-17.9). Evidence of sensitization to less commonly encountered allergens was also seen to Aspergillus niger derived cellulase, hemicellulase and xylanase mix, in addition to glucose oxidase and amyloglucosidase mix.The combination of health surveillance and exposure control in this population has been insufficient to prevent clinically significant workplace sensitization. Smoking may pose an additional risk factor for sensitization in atopic workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2008. © 2008 Crown copyright.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
Evaluation of urinary biomarkers of exposure to benzene: correlation with blood benzene and influence of confounding factors
Fri, 14 Nov 2008 08:00:27 -0000
Abstract Purpose trans,trans-Muconic acid (t,t-MA) is generally considered as a useful biomarker of exposure to benzene. However, because of its lack of specificity, concerns about its value at low level of exposure have recently been raised. The aim of this study was (a) to compare t,t-MA, S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA) and benzene (B-U) as urinary biomarkers of exposure to low levels of benzene in petrochemical workers and, (b) to evaluate the influence of sorbic acid (SA) and genetic polymorphisms of biotransformation enzymes on the excretion of these biomarkers. Method A total of 110 workers (including 24 smokers; 2–10 cigarettes/day) accepted to take part in the study. To assess external exposure to benzene, air samples were collected during the whole working period by a passive sampling device attached close to the breathing zone of 98 workers. Benzene was measured in blood (B-B) samples taken at the end of the shift, and was considered as the reference marker of internal dose. Urine was collected at the end of the shift for the determination of B-U, SPMA, t,t-MA, SA and creatinine (cr). B-U and B-B were determined by head-space/GC–MS, SPMA and SA by LC-MS, t,t-MA by HPLC-UV. Results Most (89%) personal measurements of airborne benzene were below the limit of detection (0.1 ppm); B-B ranged from <0.10 to 13.58 μg/l (median 0.405 μg/l). The median (range) concentrations of the urinary biomarkers were as follows: B-U 0.27 μg/l (<0.10–5.35), t,t-MA 0.060 mg/l (<0.02–0.92), SPMA 1.40 μg/l (0.20–14.70). Urinary SA concentrations ranged between <3 and 2,211 μg/l (median 28.00). Benzene concentration in blood and in urine as well as SPMA, but not t,t-MA, were significantly higher in smokers than in non-smokers. The best correlation between B-B and urinary biomarkers of exposure were obtained with benzene in urine (μg/l r = 0.514, P < 0.001; μg/g cr r = 0.478, P < 0.001) and SPMA (μg/l r = 0.495, P < 0.001; μg/g cr r = 0.426, P < 0.001) followed by t,t-MA (mg/l r = 0.363, P < 0.001; mg/g cr r = 0.300, P = 0.002). SA and t,t-MA were highly correlated (r = 0.618, P < 0.001; corrected for cr r = 0.637). Multiple linear regression showed that the variation of t,t-MA was mostly explained by SA concentration in urine (30% of the explained variance) and by B-B (12%). Variations of SPMA and B-U were explained for 18 and 29%, respectively, by B-B. About 30% of the variance of B-U and SPMA were explained by B-B and smoking status. Genetic polymorphisms for biotransformation enzymes (CYP2E1, EPHX1, GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1) did not significantly influence the urinary concentration of any of the three urinary biomarkers at this low level of exposure. Conclusion At low levels of benzene exposure (<0.1 ppm), (1) t,t-MA is definitely not a reliable biomarker of benzene exposure because of the clear influence of SA originating from food, (2) SPMA and B-U reflect the internal dose with almost similar accuracies, (3) genetically based inter-individual variability in urinary excretion of biomarkers seems negligible. It remains to assess which biomarker is the best predictor of health effects. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00420-008-0381-6Authors Perrine Hoet, Université Catholique de Louvain Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine Brussels BelgiumErika De Smedt, Occupational Health Service, Total Raffinaderij Antwerpen Antwerpen BelgiumMassimo Ferrari, IRCCS Unità Operativa di Medicina Ambientale e Medicina Occupazionale, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri Pavia ItalyMarcello Imbriani, IRCCS Unità Operativa di Medicina Ambientale e Medicina Occupazionale, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri Pavia ItalyLuciano Maestri, IRCCS Laboratorio Studio e Monitoraggio dell’Esposizione a Inquinanti Aeriformi, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri Pavia ItalySara Negri, IRCCS Laboratorio Studio e Monitoraggio dell’Esposizione a Inquinanti Aeriformi, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri Pavia ItalyPeter De Wilde, Occupational Health Service, Total Raffinaderij Antwerpen Antwerpen BelgiumDominique Lison, Université Catholique de Louvain Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine Brussels BelgiumVincent Haufroid, Université Catholique de Louvain Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine Brussels Belgium Journal International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthOnline ISSN 1432-1246Print ISSN 0340-0131
Working at night and work ability among nursing personnel: when precarious employment makes the difference
Fri, 14 Nov 2008 08:00:24 -0000
Abstract Purpose To test the association between night work and work ability, and verify whether the type of contractual employment has any influence over this association. Methods Permanent workers (N = 642) and workers with precarious jobs (temporary contract or outsourced; N = 552) were interviewed and filled out questionnaires concerning work hours and work ability index. They were classified into: never worked at night, ex-night workers, currently working up to five nights, and currently working at least six nights/2-week span. Results After adjusting for socio-demography and work variables, current night work was significantly associated with inadequate WAI (vs. day work with no experience in night work) only for precarious workers (OR 2.00, CI 1.01–3.95 and OR 1.85, CI 1.09–3.13 for those working up to five nights and those working at least six nights in 2 weeks, respectively). Conclusions Unequal opportunities at work and little experience in night work among precarious workers may explain their higher susceptibility to night work. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00420-008-0383-4Authors Lucia Rotenberg, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Laboratory of Health and Environment Education Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro RJ 21045-900 BrazilRosane Harter Griep, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Laboratory of Health and Environment Education Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro RJ 21045-900 BrazilFrida Marina Fischer, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo Av. Dr. Arnaldo 925 São Paulo SP 01246-904 BrazilMaria de Jesus Mendes Fonseca, School of Public Health, Fiocruz Av. Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro RJ 21041-210 BrazilPaul Landsbergis, Mount Sinai School of Medicine Department of Community and Preventive Medicine Box 1043 One Gustave Levy Place NewYork NY 10029 USA Journal International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthOnline ISSN 1432-1246Print ISSN 0340-0131
Impairing effects of noise in high and low noise sensitive persons working on different mental tasks
Wed, 12 Nov 2008 22:21:42 -0000
Abstract Objective There is no information of mental strain in noise sensitive persons working under moderate levels of noise. The aim of the study was to determine relevant dimensions of impairing effects differentiating between noise sensitive and insensitive persons. Methods 56 participants (27 men, 29 women; 18–31 years old) were classified into 28 low and 28 high noise sensitive persons. They worked either on a grammatical reasoning task (GRT) or a mental arithmetic task (MPT) under realistic road traffic scenarios [LAeq 55 dB(A)]. Afterwards they rated their annoyance and subjective mental strain. Results A multivariate analysis of variance provided significant effects for the individual noise sensitivity (P < 0.01) and the kind of task being performed (P < 0.01). To determine to what extent the rating scales lead to a differentiation of the four groups, a 2-factorial discriminant analysis was carried out subsequently. Results showed, that psycho-physiological effort and emotional strain differentiated best between the noise sensitivity groups and psycho physiological effort and focus on tasks (attention) separated the tasks. Conclusion Noise sensitive persons are more distracted by noise than insensitive persons. Furthermore the results suggest that noise sensitive subjects do not only evaluate a noisy situation as more annoying but experience higher levels of strain than insensitive persons. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00420-008-0379-0Authors Stephan Sandrock, Institut für angewandte Arbeitswissenschaft Uerdinger Str. 56 40474 Düsseldorf GermanyMartin Schütte, Institut für Arbeitsphysiologie an der Universität Dortmund Ardeystraße 67 44139 Dortmund GermanyBarbara Griefahn, Institut für Arbeitsphysiologie an der Universität Dortmund Ardeystraße 67 44139 Dortmund Germany Journal International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthOnline ISSN 1432-1246Print ISSN 0340-0131
Different effects of PM10 exposure on preterm birth by gestational period estimated from time-dependent survival analyses
Sun, 09 Nov 2008 09:57:41 -0000
Abstract Purpose We conducted this study to determine if the preterm risks due to PM10 exposure vary with the exposure periods during pregnancy. This study was also conducted to estimate the different effects of PM10 exposure on preterm birth by exposure periods using the extended Cox model with PM10 exposure as a time-dependent covariate. Methods We studied birth data obtained from the Korea National Statistical office for 374,167 subjects who were delivered between 1998 and 2000 in Seoul, South Korea. We used PM10 data that was measured hourly to give 24-h averages at 27 monitoring stations in Seoul. The extended Cox model with time-dependent exposure was used to determine if the risk of preterm delivery could be associated with PM10 exposures for each trimester during pregnancy. Results Effect of PM10 exposure prior to the 37 weeks of gestational period was stronger on the risk of premature birth than that posterior to the 37 weeks of gestational weeks. This trend was consistent for each trimester; however, the hazard ratios for preterm delivery associated with PM10 exposure in the first and third trimester were slightly higher than those of the second trimester. Conclusions The risk of preterm birth associated with exposure to PM10 differed with the exposure period of the neonates. Therefore, when studying the impact of air pollution exposure during pregnancy, the exposure period during pregnancy should be considered. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00420-008-0380-7Authors Young Ju Suh, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute Center for Genome Research Seoul South KoreaHo Kim, Seoul National University Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and the Institute of Environment and Health 28 Yeongeun-dong, Jongro-gu Seoul South KoreaJu Hee Seo, Ewha Womans University Department of Preventive Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine 911-1 Mok-6 dong, Yangcheon-ku Seoul 158-056 South KoreaHyesook Park, Ewha Womans University Department of Preventive Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine 911-1 Mok-6 dong, Yangcheon-ku Seoul 158-056 South KoreaYoung Ju Kim, Ewha Womans University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine Seoul South KoreaYun Chul Hong, Seoul National University Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine Seoul South KoreaEun Hee Ha, Ewha Womans University Department of Preventive Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine 911-1 Mok-6 dong, Yangcheon-ku Seoul 158-056 South Korea Journal International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthOnline ISSN 1432-1246Print ISSN 0340-0131
Hearing status among cabin crew in a Swedish commercial airline company
Thu, 30 Oct 2008 06:52:22 -0000
Abstract Purpose To study hearing loss in commercial airline cabin crew (CC). Methods Totally 155 male and 781 female CC (n = 936) in a Swedish airline company underwent repeated audiometric tests during 1974–2005. The last test was used to study hearing loss. The mean test values at 3, 4, 6 kHz were used for the ear with worse hearing loss. Data were compared with a Swedish population (n = 603) who were not occupationally exposed to noise. Equivalent noise levels (Leq) were measured in different aircraft. Results Leq was 78–84 dB (A), maximum A-weighted exposure was 114 dB. Median values for all ages were close to the reference group. No association was found between years of employment and hearing loss, when adjusting for age and gender by multiple logistic regression analysis. Conclusion Cabin crew are exposed to equivalent noise levels below the current Swedish occupational standard, and have normal age-matched hearing threshold levels. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00420-008-0372-7Authors Torsten Lindgren, Uppsala University, University Hospital Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine 751 85 Uppsala SwedenGunilla Wieslander, Uppsala University, University Hospital Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine 751 85 Uppsala SwedenTobias Nordquist, Uppsala University, University Hospital Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine 751 85 Uppsala SwedenBo-Göran Dammström, Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) Department of Aviation Medicine (HMS) 195 87 Stockholm SwedenDan Norbäck, Uppsala University, University Hospital Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine 751 85 Uppsala Sweden Journal International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthOnline ISSN 1432-1246Print ISSN 0340-0131
Effectiveness of skin protection creams in the prevention of occupational dermatitis: results of a randomized, controlled trial
Thu, 30 Oct 2008 06:52:21 -0000
Abstract Objectives The aim of the trial was to investigate whether the publicized effects of skin protection creams can be replicated in a real occupational setting during activities that expose the skin. Methods A prospective, randomized, four-tailed controlled pilot trial was performed to compare the effect of skin protection and skin care alone or in combination with cleansing against a control group (only cleansing). Two branches were selected for the investigation: the building industry and the timber industry. A total of 1,006 workers from these two branches were recruited, and out of these 485 workers were examined longitudinally for at least three time points over 1 year (lost for follow-up: 430 workers, exclusion: 91 workers). At each time point, as a primary outcome measure, we assessed the condition of the skin at both hands in a blinded manner and the individual was assigned to one of the following categories: no eczema, mild, moderate and severe eczema. As a secondary outcome measure, the worker’s transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured under standardized conditions at the back of both hands. In addition, the workers were asked to evaluate their skin condition during the study. Results With regard to differences in the occurrence of eczemas, we found only in workers in building industry without application of skin protection or skin care creams a statistical significant increase in the incidence between the first and the second visit and a statistical significant decrease in the incidence between the second and third visit. When evaluating the secondary outcome-measurement changes in the TEWL values, an improvement was found for the group skin protection and skin care in combination and by skin care alone. Females in the timber industry started with better TEWL values than males, which may be due to better overall skin care. In this group we found an improvement for the group skin protection and skin care in combination and by skin protection alone. For skin protection alone, we noted a slight, but not significant improvement in all other groups. The subjective improvement of skin condition was reported from the participants who used skin protection and skin care in combination. Conclusions Taking all these secondary-outcome measurements together, the main result of this study was that skin protection creams alone have a small effect on the skin barrier in workers in the building and timber industries compared with skin care alone or in combination with skin protection. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00420-008-0377-2Authors Robert Winker, Medical University of Vienna Division of Occupational Medicine Währinger Gürtel 18-20 1090 Vienna AustriaBayda Salameh, Medical University of Vienna Division of Occupational Medicine Währinger Gürtel 18-20 1090 Vienna AustriaSabine Stolkovich, Medical University of Vienna Department of Dermatology Währinger Gürtel 18-20 1090 Vienna AustriaMichael Nikl, General Occupational Accident Insurance Institution Adalbert Stifter-strasse 65 1201 Vienna AustriaAlfred Barth, Vienna University of Technology Division Ergonomics and Organization, Institute of Management Science Theresianumgasse 27 1040 Vienna AustriaElisabeth Ponocny, Empirical Research and Statistical Consulting Spaungasse 19/2/9-10 1200 Vienna AustriaHans Drexler, Friedrich-Alexander-University Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine Erlangen GermanyGerhard Tappeiner, Medical University of Vienna Department of Dermatology Währinger Gürtel 18-20 1090 Vienna Austria Journal International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthOnline ISSN 1432-1246Print ISSN 0340-0131
Occupational Therapy International
Regarding 'Hospital discharge among frail elderly people: a pilot study in Sweden' by I. Soderback
Brett Murphy Tue, 04 Nov 2008 03:59:00 -0000
No abstract.
Needs assessment of runaway females in Iran from an occupational therapy perspective
Maryam Malekpour Thu, 16 Oct 2008 05:39:00 -0000
The purpose of this descriptive study was to assess, from an occupational therapy perspective, the occupational performance needs of runaway females between 15 and 33 years old, residing in the state-run shelters in Mashhad, Iran. The inclusion criteria were: (1) participants who were 15 years old or above; (2) participants who resided in one of the state-run shelters in Mashhad; and (3) participants who could read, comprehend and write in Farsi.A written survey was completed by 44 runaway females (response rate: 36.6%). The findings revealed the occupational needs of this population to be as follows: vocational needs to find a meaningful job, emotional needs to manage depression and hopelessness, social participation needs to manage family and peer/friend relationships and peer interactions with the opposite sex to find an appropriate mate and educational needs to continue their education. Participants were from one area of Iran, so the results of the study cannot be generalized to runaway females residing in shelters in other areas of the country. Future research could include a qualitative design to explore more in-depth needs of this population. Also, a larger population of runaway females nationwide should be included in a study to increase generalizability. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effectiveness of a peer-support community in addiction recovery: participation as intervention
Rosemary A Boisvert, Linda M Martin, Maria Grosek, Anna June Clarie Thu, 09 Oct 2008 04:11:00 -0000
The main purpose of the study was to determine whether a peer-support community programme would reduce relapse rates among clients recovering from substance addictions and homelessness and result in increased perceived community affiliation, supportive behaviours, self-determination and quality of life.Mixed methods were utilized including semi-structured interviews, participant observation and a pretest/post-test to evaluate changes on the quality of life rating, the Medical Outcomes Study-Social Support Survey, and the Volitional Questionnaire. Data from the prior year's permanent supportive housing programme were used for comparison of relapse rates.Significant reduction of risk of relapse was found in clients who participated in the programme. Significant differences were found on three subscales of the Medical Outcomes Study-Social Support Survey. Improvement that did not reach statistical significance was seen on the quality of life rating. Qualitative evidence supported improvements in perceived community affiliation and supportive behaviours.Evidence suggests that a peer-supported community programme focused on self-determination can have a significant positive impact on recovery from substance addictions and homelessness. Limitations include a small sample size and lack of a randomized control group. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Occupational Medicine - current issue
OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE CALENDAR
Wed, 08 Oct 2008 00:00:00 -0000
In this issue of Occupational Medicine
Patel, D. Wed, 08 Oct 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Nanocommentary: Occupational and environmental health and nanotechnology--what's new?
Sng, J., Koh, D. Wed, 08 Oct 2008 00:00:00 -0000
PubMed: 0355-3140
Follow-up study of cancer incidence after chlorophenol exposure in a community in southern Finland.
Lampi P, Tuomisto J, Hakulinen T, Pukkala E Related Articles Follow-up study of cancer incidence after chlorophenol exposure in a community in southern Finland. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2008 Jun;34(3):230-3 Authors: Lampi P, Tuomisto J, Hakulinen T, Pukkala E OBJECTIVES: In the 1970s and 1980s, people in a village in southern Finland had been exposed to high concentrations of chlorophenols in the drinking water and in fish from a nearby lake. An ecological analysis and a case-control study conducted around 1990 indicated significant excess in the incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and soft-tissue cancer in the municipality and a relationship between the chlorophenol exposure and the incidence of these cancers. The present article reports a follow-up of cancer risk in the same study area during a 20-year period after the closing of the old water intake plant, which was contaminated by chlorophenols. METHODS: The observed and expected numbers of cancer were obtained for three periods, 1953-1971 (before exposure), 1972-1986 (during exposure) and 1987-2006 (after exposure), for all cancers combined and separately for cancers potentially related to chlorophenols. RESULTS: The present study demonstrates that all of the cancer risks returned to the average population level during the 20-year period after the old water intake plant was closed and chlorophenol exposure stopped. CONCLUSIONS: The rapid changes in cancer risk after changes in chlorophenol exposure suggest that chlorophenols may have a promotion effect in the carcinogenic process. PMID: 18728913 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Prediction of dropout from respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation in a longitudinal respiratory study.
Søyseth V, Johnsen HL, Kongerud J Related Articles Prediction of dropout from respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation in a longitudinal respiratory study. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2008 Jun;34(3):224-9 Authors: Søyseth V, Johnsen HL, Kongerud J OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the possibility that employees reporting respiratory symptoms were more likely than asymptomatic workers to dropout of a respiratory study carried out in Norwegian smelters. METHODS: The study included 3924 employees in 24 Norwegian smelters. They were examined annually using a respiratory questionnaire and spirometry. The employees who did not meet for the follow-up within 18 months prior to the end of the study were considered dropouts. The data were analyzed using Cox regression for time-dependent covariates. RESULTS: The total and the median follow-up times were 16 997 and 4.9 years, respectively. The overall dropout rate was 44.5 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 41.5-47.8 per 1000 person-years]. The hazard ratio (HR) for dropout was 1.38 (95% CI 1.15-1.66) for the workers reporting any respiratory symptom compared with the asymptomatic workers. The effect was the strongest among the employees who reported dyspnea, and it was stronger regarding symptoms at the last visit than for the baseline symptoms. Similarly, the hazard ratio for dropout for those with an airflow limitation [forced expiratory volume/forced vital capacity below the 5th percentile of the predicted value] was 1.31 (95% CI 1.01-1.69) when they were compared with employees without any airflow limitation. CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation are important predictors of dropout from a longitudinal respiratory study. PMID: 18728912 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
A diary study to open up the black box of overtime work among university faculty members.
Beckers DG, van Hooff ML, van der Linden D, Kompier MA, Taris TW, Geurts SA Related Articles A diary study to open up the black box of overtime work among university faculty members. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2008 Jun;34(3):213-23 Authors: Beckers DG, van Hooff ML, van der Linden D, Kompier MA, Taris TW, Geurts SA OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at opening up the black box of overtime work among university faculty members by providing information on (i) when faculty members work overtime, (ii) what activities are undertaken during overtime, and (iii) how overtime is experienced. METHODS: Data were collected among 120 Dutch faculty members who completed a general questionnaire (addressing general overtime hours, work characteristics, and well-being) and a 9-day diary study (with information on daily overtime hours, activities, and experiences). Analyses of variance were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Overtime was very prevalent among faculty members, high overtime workers being nonfatigued, engaged employees with positive work characteristics. Overtime was unevenly distributed over the week, being common on Sunday and Monday and uncommon on Friday and Saturday. Overtime activities during the weekend differed from those during the workweek, relatively much time being spent on research during weekend overtime. Overtime activities were experienced differently than activities during regular hours, overtime work being experienced as less effortful and less stressful than regular workhours and weekend overtime being less pleasurable than regular hours and evening overtime. CONCLUSIONS: This detailed day-to-day mapping and evaluation of overtime work contributes to a better understanding of overtime work by demonstrating meaningful patterns of overtime over the (work)week and meaningful associations between overtime activities and time-contingent experiences. It is suggested that worktime control plays an important role in explaining the results. PMID: 18728911 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Annals of Occupational Hygiene - current issue
Canada, Chrysotile, and the Search for Truth
Ogden, T. Fri, 07 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Characterization and Kinetics Study of Off-Gas Emissions from Stored Wood Pellets
Kuang, X., Shankar, T. J., Bi, X. T., Sokhansanj, S., Jim Lim, C., Melin, S. Fri, 07 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
The full potential health impact from the emissions of biomass fuels, including wood pellets, during storage and transportation has not been documented in the open literature. The purpose of this study is to provide data on the concentration of CO2, CO and CH4 from wood pellets stored in sealed vessels and to develop a kinetic model for predicting the transient emission rate factors at different storage temperatures. Five 45-l metal containers (305 mm diameter by 610 mm long) equipped with heating and temperature control devices were used to study the temperature effect on the off-gas emissions from wood pellets. Concurrently, ten 2-l aluminum canisters (100 mm diameter by 250 mm long) were used to study the off-gas emissions from different types of biomass materials. Concentrations of CO2, CO and CH4 were measured by a gas chromatograph as a function of storage time and storage temperature. The results showed that the concentrations of CO, CO2 and CH4 in the sealed space of the reactor increased over time, fast at the beginning but leveling off after a few days. A first-order reaction kinetics fitted the data well. The maximum concentration and the time it takes for the buildup of gas concentrations can be predicted using kinetic equations
Variability and Determinants of Wood Dust and Resin Acid Exposure during Wood Pellet Production: Measurement Strategies and Bias in Assessing Exposure-Response Relationships
Hagstrom, K., Lundholm, C., Eriksson, K., Liljelind, I. Fri, 07 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Production of wood pellets is a relatively new and expanding industry in which the exposure profiles differ from those in other wood-processing industries like carpentries and sawmills where there are lower levels of wood dust. Sixty-eight personal exposure measurements of wood dust (inhalable and total dust) and resin acids were collected for 44 participants at four production plants located in Sweden. Results were used to estimate within- and between-worker variability and to identify uniformly exposed groups and determinants of exposure. In addition, overexposure, whether the risk of the long-term mean exposure of a randomly selected worker exceeding the occupational exposure limit is acceptably low, was calculated as well as the underestimation of the exposure–response relationship (attenuation). Greater variability in exposure between work shifts than between workers was observed with the within-worker variation accounting for 57–99% of the total variance in the individual-based model. Several uniformly exposed groups were detected but were mostly associated with a between-worker variation of zero which is an underestimation of the between-worker variation but an indication of uniformly exposed groups. Cleaning was identified as a work task that increases exposure slightly; so reducing workers' exposure during this operation is advisable. The levels of wood dust were high and were found to pose unacceptable risks of overexposure at all plants for inhalable dust and at three out of four plants for total dust. These findings show that exposure to dust needs to be reduced in this industry. For resin acids, the exposure was classed as acceptable at all plants. According to an individual-based model constructed from the data, the level of attenuation was high, and thus there would be substantial bias in derived dose–response relationships.
Exposure to Manufactured Nanostructured Particles in an Industrial Pilot Plant
Demou, E., Peter, P., Hellweg, S. Fri, 07 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Objectives: Nanomaterial production and the number of people directly in contact with these materials are increasing. Yet, little is known on the association between exposure and corresponding risks, such as pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress. Methods: Condensation Particle Counters, a DustTrakTM and Scanning Mobility Particle SizerTM quantified real-time size, mass and number concentrations in a nanostructure particle pilot-scale production facility, using a high-temperature gas-phase process, over a 25-day period. Temporal and spatial analysis of particle concentrations and sizes was performed during production, maintenance and handling. Number-based particle retention of breathing mask filters used under real-time production and exposure conditions in the workplace was quantified. Results: The results demonstrate elevated number concentrations during production, which can be an order of magnitude higher than background levels. Average concentrations during production were 59 100 cm–3 and 0.188 mg m–3 for submicron particles. Mask filters decreased particle number concentrations by >96%. Conclusions: This study demonstrates real-time worker exposure during gas-phase nanoparticle manufacturing. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of emission sources and concentration levels in a production plant is accomplished. These results are important for workers, employers and regulators in the nanotechnology field as they provide information on encountered exposures and possibilities for mitigation measures.
Temporal Evolution of Nanoparticle Aerosols in Workplace Exposure
Seipenbusch, M., Binder, A., Kasper, G. Fri, 07 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
The evolution in time of a nanoparticle (NP) aerosol released into a simulated workplace environment was investigated for different starting scenarios including (i) NP release into a particle-free atmosphere and (ii) release in presence of a pre-existing background aerosol. In each case, particle number distributions and total number concentrations in a 2 m3 aerosol chamber were monitored over several hours. On the time scale and under the conditions relevant for workplace exposure, collisions between NP within their own size class and, if present, with the background aerosol were identified as the most important mechanism driving the change in particle size and number concentration. A model has been formulated on the basis of well-known aerosol dynamic principles to predict the evolution of NP number concentration for a defined source and a defined environment (a given background aerosol concentration). A dimensionless number is introduced to scale the rate of NP concentration change relative to background aerosol concentration and particle size, which scales inversely with the concentration of free NP in the atmosphere. Beyond the physical change, the emergence of binary agglomerates constitutes a change in chemical composition of the aerosol. It is shown that the NPs are still chemically present in the aerosol after becoming attached to background particles, thus remaining airborne while being invisible in the size distribution.
Determining the Dustiness of Powders--A Comparison of three Measuring Devices
Bach, S., Schmidt, E. Fri, 07 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
The dustiness of 12 test powders was determined using three different measuring methods. One of the methods, the continuous drop method, is a reference test method according to the EN 15051 ‘Workplace atmospheres—Measurement of the dustiness of bulk materials—Requirements and reference test methods’. A test of equivalence between the reference test method and the other two methods, the modified Heubach Dustmeter, a rotating drum method and the Palas Dustview, a single-drop method, has been carried out as provided in Annex D of the European standard. No equivalence was found between any of the test methods. An applied best-case scenario yielded a slightly better outcome, but the results lead to the conclusion that it is impossible to generate viable values using the test of equivalence provided in the standard. This outcome was expected and is due to the different handling procedures applied—which, however, relates to the reality of the variety of material-handling procedures in the workplace.
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Upper extremity pain and computer use among engineering graduate students: A replication study
Cammie Chaumont Menéndez, Benjamin C. Amick III, Mark Jenkins, Cyrus Caroom, Michelle Robertson, Ronald B. Harrist, Jeffrey N. Katz Mon, 17 Nov 2008 13:55:00 -0000
Recent literature identified upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms at a prevalence of >40% in college populations. The study objectives were to determine weekly computer use and the prevalence of upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms in a graduate student population, and make comparisons with previous graduate and undergraduate cohorts.One hundred sixty-six graduate students completed a survey on computing and musculoskeletal health. Associations between individual factors and symptom status, functional limitations, academic impact, medication use, and health services utilization were determined. Logistic regression analyses evaluated the association between symptom status and computing. Cross-study comparisons were made.More symptomatic participants experienced functional limitations than asymptomatic participants (74% vs. 32%, P < 0.001) and reported medication use for computing pain (34% vs. 10%, P < 0.01). More participants who experienced symptoms within an hour of computing used health services compared to those who experienced symptoms after an hour of computer use (60% vs. 12%, P < 0.01). Years of computer use (OR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.05-2.40) and number of years in school where weekly computer use was more than 10 hr (OR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.04-2.35) were associated with pain within an hour of computing. Cross-study comparisons found college populations more similar than different.The overall findings reinforced previous literature documenting the prevalence of upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms in college populations, suggesting an important population for participating in public health interventions designed to support healthy computing practices and identify risk factors important to evaluate in future cohort studies. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Injuries and fatalities to U.S. farmers and farm workers 55 years and older
John R. Myers, Larry A. Layne, Suzanne M. Marsh Mon, 17 Nov 2008 13:55:00 -0000
Previous studies have shown that older farmers and farm workers have been identified at high risk for farm fatalities, most notably involving tractor overturns. Older farmers also incur more severe non-fatal injuries.Data from two national surveillance systems are presented to describe fatal and non-fatal injuries occurring to older farmers 55+ years of age. Tractor-related fatality investigations for older farmers are examined for characteristics of the tractors not available in the injury surveillance systems.Older farmers and farm workers averaged 26,573 lost-time injuries annually in 2001 and 2004, with an injury rate of 4.5 injuries/100 workers/year compared to an overall farming injury rate of 4.8 injuries/100 workers/year. Fatality data show that older farmers accounted for over half of all farming deaths between 1992 and 2004 (3,671 of 7,064 deaths), and had a fatality rate of 45.8 deaths/100,000 workers/year compared to the overall farming fatality rate of 25.4 deaths/100,000 workers/year. Most common mechanisms of fatal injury to older farmers were "tractors" (46%), "trucks" (7%), and "animals" (5%).Although older farmers and farm workers are at lower risk of overall injury compared to their younger counterparts, injuries to farmers 55 years and older tend to be much more severe. To effectively minimize the risk faced by older farmers, prevention programs must encourage safe work behaviors and practices and the implementation/installation of appropriate safety devices and equipment. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sickness absence and workplace levels of satisfaction with psychosocial work conditions at public service workplaces
Torsten Munch-Hansen, Joanna Wieclaw, Esben Agerbo, Niels Westergaard-Nielsen, Mikael Rosenkilde, Jens Peter Bonde Mon, 17 Nov 2008 10:22:00 -0000
The objective of this study was to examine the impact of psychosocial work conditions on sickness absence while addressing methodological weaknesses in earlier studies.The participants were 13,437 employees from 698 public service workplace units in Aarhus County, Denmark. Satisfaction with psychosocial work conditions was rated on a scale from 0 (low) to 10 (high). Individual ratings were aggregated to workplace scores. Analysis of variance was used to compare the average number of days of yearly sickness absence in three groups with different levels of satisfaction with psychosocial work conditions.Sickness absence was 30.8% lower in the most satisfied group (11.7 days/year (CI 95%: 10.2; 13.1)) than in the least satisfied group (16.9 days/year (CI 95%: 15.3; 18.6)) adjusted for the covariates included.Satisfaction with psychosocial work conditions has a strong and independent impact on sickness absence. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Blood exposure incidence rates from the North Carolina study of home Care and hospice nurses
Jack K. Leiss, Jennifer T. Lyden, Rahel Mathews, Kathleen L. Sitzman, Abenah Vanderpuije, Deepak Mav, Mary Agnes Kendra, Cynthia Klein, Carolyn J. Humphrey Mon, 17 Nov 2008 11:36:00 -0000
Home care/hospice nurses may be at elevated risk of blood exposure because of the nature of their work and work environment. However, little is known about the incidence of blood exposure in this population.A mail survey (n = 1,473) was conducted among home care/hospice nurses in North Carolina in 2006.The adjusted response rate was 69%. Nine percent of nurses had at least one exposure/year. Overall incidence was 27.4 (95% confidence interval: 20.2, 34.6)/100,000 visits. Nurses who had worked in home care [le]5 years had higher exposure rates than other nurses - seven times higher for needlesticks and 3.5 times higher for non-intact skin exposures. Nurses who worked part time/contract had higher exposure rates than nurses who worked full time - seven times higher for needlesticks and 1.5 times higher for non-intact skin exposures. The rates for part-time/contract nurses with [le]5 years experience were extremely high. Sensitivity analysis showed that it is unlikely that response bias had an important impact on these results.Approximately 150 North Carolina home care/hospice nurses are exposed to blood annually. If these results are representative of other states, then approximately 12,000 home care/hospice nurses are exposed each year nationwide. Improved prevention efforts are needed to reduce blood exposure in home care/hospice nurses. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Optimum survey methods when interviewing employed women
Kari Dunning, Grace K. LeMasters Mon, 17 Nov 2008 11:36:00 -0000
While survey studies have examined bias much is unknown regarding specific subpopulations, especially women workers.A population based phone, Internet, and mail survey of workplace falls during pregnancy was undertaken. Participation by industry and occupation and survey approach and bias, reliability, and incomplete data were examined.Of the 3,997 women surveyed, 71% were employed during their pregnancy. Internet responders were most likely to be employed while pregnant and to report a workplace fall at 8.8% compared to 5.8% and 6.1% for mail and phone respondents. Internet responders had the most missing employment data with company name missing for 17.9% compared to 1.3% for phone responders. Mail surveys were best for recruiting those employed in eight of nine industries, and this was especially true for service occupations.To decrease bias and increase participation, mixed approaches may be useful with particular attention for collecting occupational data. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sensitization to wheat flour and enzymes and associated respiratory symptoms in British bakers
Joanne Harris-Roberts, Edward Robinson, Judith C. Waterhouse, Catherine G. Billings, Alison R. Proctor, Micah Stocks-Greaves, Shamim Rahman, Gareth Evans, Andrew Garrod, Andrew D. Curran, David Fishwick Mon, 17 Nov 2008 11:36:00 -0000
Current literature suggests that flour exposed workers continue to be at risk of allergic sensitization to flour dust and respiratory ill health.A cross-sectional study of 225 workers currently potentially exposed to flour dust in British bakeries was performed to identify predictors of sensitization to wheat flour and enzymes.Work-related nasal irritation was the most commonly reported symptom (28.9%) followed by eye irritation (13.3%) and work-related cough or chest tightness (both 10.2%). Work-related chest tightness was significantly associated (OR 7.9, 1.3-46.0) with co-sensitization to wheat flour and any added enzyme. Working at a bakery with inadequate control measures was not a risk factor for reporting work-related respiratory symptoms (OR 1.3, 0.4-3.7). Fifty-one workers were atopic and 23 (14%) were sensitized to workplace allergens. Atopy was the strongest predictive factor (OR 18.4, 5.3-64.3) determining sensitization. Current versus never smoking (OR 4.7, 1.1-20.8) was a significant risk factor for sensitization to wheat flour or enzymes in atopic workers only, corrected for current level and duration of exposure. This effect was not seen in non-atopic workers (OR 1.9, 0.2-17.9). Evidence of sensitization to less commonly encountered allergens was also seen to Aspergillus niger derived cellulase, hemicellulase and xylanase mix, in addition to glucose oxidase and amyloglucosidase mix.The combination of health surveillance and exposure control in this population has been insufficient to prevent clinically significant workplace sensitization. Smoking may pose an additional risk factor for sensitization in atopic workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2008. © 2008 Crown copyright.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
Evaluation of urinary biomarkers of exposure to benzene: correlation with blood benzene and influence of confounding factors
Fri, 14 Nov 2008 08:00:27 -0000
Abstract Purpose trans,trans-Muconic acid (t,t-MA) is generally considered as a useful biomarker of exposure to benzene. However, because of its lack of specificity, concerns about its value at low level of exposure have recently been raised. The aim of this study was (a) to compare t,t-MA, S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA) and benzene (B-U) as urinary biomarkers of exposure to low levels of benzene in petrochemical workers and, (b) to evaluate the influence of sorbic acid (SA) and genetic polymorphisms of biotransformation enzymes on the excretion of these biomarkers. Method A total of 110 workers (including 24 smokers; 2–10 cigarettes/day) accepted to take part in the study. To assess external exposure to benzene, air samples were collected during the whole working period by a passive sampling device attached close to the breathing zone of 98 workers. Benzene was measured in blood (B-B) samples taken at the end of the shift, and was considered as the reference marker of internal dose. Urine was collected at the end of the shift for the determination of B-U, SPMA, t,t-MA, SA and creatinine (cr). B-U and B-B were determined by head-space/GC–MS, SPMA and SA by LC-MS, t,t-MA by HPLC-UV. Results Most (89%) personal measurements of airborne benzene were below the limit of detection (0.1 ppm); B-B ranged from <0.10 to 13.58 μg/l (median 0.405 μg/l). The median (range) concentrations of the urinary biomarkers were as follows: B-U 0.27 μg/l (<0.10–5.35), t,t-MA 0.060 mg/l (<0.02–0.92), SPMA 1.40 μg/l (0.20–14.70). Urinary SA concentrations ranged between <3 and 2,211 μg/l (median 28.00). Benzene concentration in blood and in urine as well as SPMA, but not t,t-MA, were significantly higher in smokers than in non-smokers. The best correlation between B-B and urinary biomarkers of exposure were obtained with benzene in urine (μg/l r = 0.514, P < 0.001; μg/g cr r = 0.478, P < 0.001) and SPMA (μg/l r = 0.495, P < 0.001; μg/g cr r = 0.426, P < 0.001) followed by t,t-MA (mg/l r = 0.363, P < 0.001; mg/g cr r = 0.300, P = 0.002). SA and t,t-MA were highly correlated (r = 0.618, P < 0.001; corrected for cr r = 0.637). Multiple linear regression showed that the variation of t,t-MA was mostly explained by SA concentration in urine (30% of the explained variance) and by B-B (12%). Variations of SPMA and B-U were explained for 18 and 29%, respectively, by B-B. About 30% of the variance of B-U and SPMA were explained by B-B and smoking status. Genetic polymorphisms for biotransformation enzymes (CYP2E1, EPHX1, GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1) did not significantly influence the urinary concentration of any of the three urinary biomarkers at this low level of exposure. Conclusion At low levels of benzene exposure (<0.1 ppm), (1) t,t-MA is definitely not a reliable biomarker of benzene exposure because of the clear influence of SA originating from food, (2) SPMA and B-U reflect the internal dose with almost similar accuracies, (3) genetically based inter-individual variability in urinary excretion of biomarkers seems negligible. It remains to assess which biomarker is the best predictor of health effects. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00420-008-0381-6Authors Perrine Hoet, Université Catholique de Louvain Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine Brussels BelgiumErika De Smedt, Occupational Health Service, Total Raffinaderij Antwerpen Antwerpen BelgiumMassimo Ferrari, IRCCS Unità Operativa di Medicina Ambientale e Medicina Occupazionale, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri Pavia ItalyMarcello Imbriani, IRCCS Unità Operativa di Medicina Ambientale e Medicina Occupazionale, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri Pavia ItalyLuciano Maestri, IRCCS Laboratorio Studio e Monitoraggio dell’Esposizione a Inquinanti Aeriformi, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri Pavia ItalySara Negri, IRCCS Laboratorio Studio e Monitoraggio dell’Esposizione a Inquinanti Aeriformi, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri Pavia ItalyPeter De Wilde, Occupational Health Service, Total Raffinaderij Antwerpen Antwerpen BelgiumDominique Lison, Université Catholique de Louvain Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine Brussels BelgiumVincent Haufroid, Université Catholique de Louvain Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine Brussels Belgium Journal International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthOnline ISSN 1432-1246Print ISSN 0340-0131
Working at night and work ability among nursing personnel: when precarious employment makes the difference
Fri, 14 Nov 2008 08:00:24 -0000
Abstract Purpose To test the association between night work and work ability, and verify whether the type of contractual employment has any influence over this association. Methods Permanent workers (N = 642) and workers with precarious jobs (temporary contract or outsourced; N = 552) were interviewed and filled out questionnaires concerning work hours and work ability index. They were classified into: never worked at night, ex-night workers, currently working up to five nights, and currently working at least six nights/2-week span. Results After adjusting for socio-demography and work variables, current night work was significantly associated with inadequate WAI (vs. day work with no experience in night work) only for precarious workers (OR 2.00, CI 1.01–3.95 and OR 1.85, CI 1.09–3.13 for those working up to five nights and those working at least six nights in 2 weeks, respectively). Conclusions Unequal opportunities at work and little experience in night work among precarious workers may explain their higher susceptibility to night work. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00420-008-0383-4Authors Lucia Rotenberg, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Laboratory of Health and Environment Education Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro RJ 21045-900 BrazilRosane Harter Griep, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Laboratory of Health and Environment Education Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro RJ 21045-900 BrazilFrida Marina Fischer, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo Av. Dr. Arnaldo 925 São Paulo SP 01246-904 BrazilMaria de Jesus Mendes Fonseca, School of Public Health, Fiocruz Av. Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro RJ 21041-210 BrazilPaul Landsbergis, Mount Sinai School of Medicine Department of Community and Preventive Medicine Box 1043 One Gustave Levy Place NewYork NY 10029 USA Journal International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthOnline ISSN 1432-1246Print ISSN 0340-0131
Impairing effects of noise in high and low noise sensitive persons working on different mental tasks
Wed, 12 Nov 2008 22:21:42 -0000
Abstract Objective There is no information of mental strain in noise sensitive persons working under moderate levels of noise. The aim of the study was to determine relevant dimensions of impairing effects differentiating between noise sensitive and insensitive persons. Methods 56 participants (27 men, 29 women; 18–31 years old) were classified into 28 low and 28 high noise sensitive persons. They worked either on a grammatical reasoning task (GRT) or a mental arithmetic task (MPT) under realistic road traffic scenarios [LAeq 55 dB(A)]. Afterwards they rated their annoyance and subjective mental strain. Results A multivariate analysis of variance provided significant effects for the individual noise sensitivity (P < 0.01) and the kind of task being performed (P < 0.01). To determine to what extent the rating scales lead to a differentiation of the four groups, a 2-factorial discriminant analysis was carried out subsequently. Results showed, that psycho-physiological effort and emotional strain differentiated best between the noise sensitivity groups and psycho physiological effort and focus on tasks (attention) separated the tasks. Conclusion Noise sensitive persons are more distracted by noise than insensitive persons. Furthermore the results suggest that noise sensitive subjects do not only evaluate a noisy situation as more annoying but experience higher levels of strain than insensitive persons. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00420-008-0379-0Authors Stephan Sandrock, Institut für angewandte Arbeitswissenschaft Uerdinger Str. 56 40474 Düsseldorf GermanyMartin Schütte, Institut für Arbeitsphysiologie an der Universität Dortmund Ardeystraße 67 44139 Dortmund GermanyBarbara Griefahn, Institut für Arbeitsphysiologie an der Universität Dortmund Ardeystraße 67 44139 Dortmund Germany Journal International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthOnline ISSN 1432-1246Print ISSN 0340-0131
Different effects of PM10 exposure on preterm birth by gestational period estimated from time-dependent survival analyses
Sun, 09 Nov 2008 09:57:41 -0000
Abstract Purpose We conducted this study to determine if the preterm risks due to PM10 exposure vary with the exposure periods during pregnancy. This study was also conducted to estimate the different effects of PM10 exposure on preterm birth by exposure periods using the extended Cox model with PM10 exposure as a time-dependent covariate. Methods We studied birth data obtained from the Korea National Statistical office for 374,167 subjects who were delivered between 1998 and 2000 in Seoul, South Korea. We used PM10 data that was measured hourly to give 24-h averages at 27 monitoring stations in Seoul. The extended Cox model with time-dependent exposure was used to determine if the risk of preterm delivery could be associated with PM10 exposures for each trimester during pregnancy. Results Effect of PM10 exposure prior to the 37 weeks of gestational period was stronger on the risk of premature birth than that posterior to the 37 weeks of gestational weeks. This trend was consistent for each trimester; however, the hazard ratios for preterm delivery associated with PM10 exposure in the first and third trimester were slightly higher than those of the second trimester. Conclusions The risk of preterm birth associated with exposure to PM10 differed with the exposure period of the neonates. Therefore, when studying the impact of air pollution exposure during pregnancy, the exposure period during pregnancy should be considered. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00420-008-0380-7Authors Young Ju Suh, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute Center for Genome Research Seoul South KoreaHo Kim, Seoul National University Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and the Institute of Environment and Health 28 Yeongeun-dong, Jongro-gu Seoul South KoreaJu Hee Seo, Ewha Womans University Department of Preventive Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine 911-1 Mok-6 dong, Yangcheon-ku Seoul 158-056 South KoreaHyesook Park, Ewha Womans University Department of Preventive Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine 911-1 Mok-6 dong, Yangcheon-ku Seoul 158-056 South KoreaYoung Ju Kim, Ewha Womans University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine Seoul South KoreaYun Chul Hong, Seoul National University Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine Seoul South KoreaEun Hee Ha, Ewha Womans University Department of Preventive Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine 911-1 Mok-6 dong, Yangcheon-ku Seoul 158-056 South Korea Journal International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthOnline ISSN 1432-1246Print ISSN 0340-0131
Hearing status among cabin crew in a Swedish commercial airline company
Thu, 30 Oct 2008 06:52:22 -0000
Abstract Purpose To study hearing loss in commercial airline cabin crew (CC). Methods Totally 155 male and 781 female CC (n = 936) in a Swedish airline company underwent repeated audiometric tests during 1974–2005. The last test was used to study hearing loss. The mean test values at 3, 4, 6 kHz were used for the ear with worse hearing loss. Data were compared with a Swedish population (n = 603) who were not occupationally exposed to noise. Equivalent noise levels (Leq) were measured in different aircraft. Results Leq was 78–84 dB (A), maximum A-weighted exposure was 114 dB. Median values for all ages were close to the reference group. No association was found between years of employment and hearing loss, when adjusting for age and gender by multiple logistic regression analysis. Conclusion Cabin crew are exposed to equivalent noise levels below the current Swedish occupational standard, and have normal age-matched hearing threshold levels. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00420-008-0372-7Authors Torsten Lindgren, Uppsala University, University Hospital Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine 751 85 Uppsala SwedenGunilla Wieslander, Uppsala University, University Hospital Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine 751 85 Uppsala SwedenTobias Nordquist, Uppsala University, University Hospital Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine 751 85 Uppsala SwedenBo-Göran Dammström, Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) Department of Aviation Medicine (HMS) 195 87 Stockholm SwedenDan Norbäck, Uppsala University, University Hospital Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine 751 85 Uppsala Sweden Journal International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthOnline ISSN 1432-1246Print ISSN 0340-0131
Effectiveness of skin protection creams in the prevention of occupational dermatitis: results of a randomized, controlled trial
Thu, 30 Oct 2008 06:52:21 -0000
Abstract Objectives The aim of the trial was to investigate whether the publicized effects of skin protection creams can be replicated in a real occupational setting during activities that expose the skin. Methods A prospective, randomized, four-tailed controlled pilot trial was performed to compare the effect of skin protection and skin care alone or in combination with cleansing against a control group (only cleansing). Two branches were selected for the investigation: the building industry and the timber industry. A total of 1,006 workers from these two branches were recruited, and out of these 485 workers were examined longitudinally for at least three time points over 1 year (lost for follow-up: 430 workers, exclusion: 91 workers). At each time point, as a primary outcome measure, we assessed the condition of the skin at both hands in a blinded manner and the individual was assigned to one of the following categories: no eczema, mild, moderate and severe eczema. As a secondary outcome measure, the worker’s transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured under standardized conditions at the back of both hands. In addition, the workers were asked to evaluate their skin condition during the study. Results With regard to differences in the occurrence of eczemas, we found only in workers in building industry without application of skin protection or skin care creams a statistical significant increase in the incidence between the first and the second visit and a statistical significant decrease in the incidence between the second and third visit. When evaluating the secondary outcome-measurement changes in the TEWL values, an improvement was found for the group skin protection and skin care in combination and by skin care alone. Females in the timber industry started with better TEWL values than males, which may be due to better overall skin care. In this group we found an improvement for the group skin protection and skin care in combination and by skin protection alone. For skin protection alone, we noted a slight, but not significant improvement in all other groups. The subjective improvement of skin condition was reported from the participants who used skin protection and skin care in combination. Conclusions Taking all these secondary-outcome measurements together, the main result of this study was that skin protection creams alone have a small effect on the skin barrier in workers in the building and timber industries compared with skin care alone or in combination with skin protection. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00420-008-0377-2Authors Robert Winker, Medical University of Vienna Division of Occupational Medicine Währinger Gürtel 18-20 1090 Vienna AustriaBayda Salameh, Medical University of Vienna Division of Occupational Medicine Währinger Gürtel 18-20 1090 Vienna AustriaSabine Stolkovich, Medical University of Vienna Department of Dermatology Währinger Gürtel 18-20 1090 Vienna AustriaMichael Nikl, General Occupational Accident Insurance Institution Adalbert Stifter-strasse 65 1201 Vienna AustriaAlfred Barth, Vienna University of Technology Division Ergonomics and Organization, Institute of Management Science Theresianumgasse 27 1040 Vienna AustriaElisabeth Ponocny, Empirical Research and Statistical Consulting Spaungasse 19/2/9-10 1200 Vienna AustriaHans Drexler, Friedrich-Alexander-University Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine Erlangen GermanyGerhard Tappeiner, Medical University of Vienna Department of Dermatology Währinger Gürtel 18-20 1090 Vienna Austria Journal International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthOnline ISSN 1432-1246Print ISSN 0340-0131
Occupational Therapy International
Regarding 'Hospital discharge among frail elderly people: a pilot study in Sweden' by I. Soderback
Brett Murphy Tue, 04 Nov 2008 03:59:00 -0000
No abstract.
Needs assessment of runaway females in Iran from an occupational therapy perspective
Maryam Malekpour Thu, 16 Oct 2008 05:39:00 -0000
The purpose of this descriptive study was to assess, from an occupational therapy perspective, the occupational performance needs of runaway females between 15 and 33 years old, residing in the state-run shelters in Mashhad, Iran. The inclusion criteria were: (1) participants who were 15 years old or above; (2) participants who resided in one of the state-run shelters in Mashhad; and (3) participants who could read, comprehend and write in Farsi.A written survey was completed by 44 runaway females (response rate: 36.6%). The findings revealed the occupational needs of this population to be as follows: vocational needs to find a meaningful job, emotional needs to manage depression and hopelessness, social participation needs to manage family and peer/friend relationships and peer interactions with the opposite sex to find an appropriate mate and educational needs to continue their education. Participants were from one area of Iran, so the results of the study cannot be generalized to runaway females residing in shelters in other areas of the country. Future research could include a qualitative design to explore more in-depth needs of this population. Also, a larger population of runaway females nationwide should be included in a study to increase generalizability. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effectiveness of a peer-support community in addiction recovery: participation as intervention
Rosemary A Boisvert, Linda M Martin, Maria Grosek, Anna June Clarie Thu, 09 Oct 2008 04:11:00 -0000
The main purpose of the study was to determine whether a peer-support community programme would reduce relapse rates among clients recovering from substance addictions and homelessness and result in increased perceived community affiliation, supportive behaviours, self-determination and quality of life.Mixed methods were utilized including semi-structured interviews, participant observation and a pretest/post-test to evaluate changes on the quality of life rating, the Medical Outcomes Study-Social Support Survey, and the Volitional Questionnaire. Data from the prior year's permanent supportive housing programme were used for comparison of relapse rates.Significant reduction of risk of relapse was found in clients who participated in the programme. Significant differences were found on three subscales of the Medical Outcomes Study-Social Support Survey. Improvement that did not reach statistical significance was seen on the quality of life rating. Qualitative evidence supported improvements in perceived community affiliation and supportive behaviours.Evidence suggests that a peer-supported community programme focused on self-determination can have a significant positive impact on recovery from substance addictions and homelessness. Limitations include a small sample size and lack of a randomized control group. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Occupational Medicine - current issue
OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE CALENDAR
Wed, 08 Oct 2008 00:00:00 -0000
In this issue of Occupational Medicine
Patel, D. Wed, 08 Oct 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Nanocommentary: Occupational and environmental health and nanotechnology--what's new?
Sng, J., Koh, D. Wed, 08 Oct 2008 00:00:00 -0000
PubMed: 0355-3140
Follow-up study of cancer incidence after chlorophenol exposure in a community in southern Finland.
Lampi P, Tuomisto J, Hakulinen T, Pukkala E Related Articles Follow-up study of cancer incidence after chlorophenol exposure in a community in southern Finland. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2008 Jun;34(3):230-3 Authors: Lampi P, Tuomisto J, Hakulinen T, Pukkala E OBJECTIVES: In the 1970s and 1980s, people in a village in southern Finland had been exposed to high concentrations of chlorophenols in the drinking water and in fish from a nearby lake. An ecological analysis and a case-control study conducted around 1990 indicated significant excess in the incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and soft-tissue cancer in the municipality and a relationship between the chlorophenol exposure and the incidence of these cancers. The present article reports a follow-up of cancer risk in the same study area during a 20-year period after the closing of the old water intake plant, which was contaminated by chlorophenols. METHODS: The observed and expected numbers of cancer were obtained for three periods, 1953-1971 (before exposure), 1972-1986 (during exposure) and 1987-2006 (after exposure), for all cancers combined and separately for cancers potentially related to chlorophenols. RESULTS: The present study demonstrates that all of the cancer risks returned to the average population level during the 20-year period after the old water intake plant was closed and chlorophenol exposure stopped. CONCLUSIONS: The rapid changes in cancer risk after changes in chlorophenol exposure suggest that chlorophenols may have a promotion effect in the carcinogenic process. PMID: 18728913 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Prediction of dropout from respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation in a longitudinal respiratory study.
Søyseth V, Johnsen HL, Kongerud J Related Articles Prediction of dropout from respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation in a longitudinal respiratory study. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2008 Jun;34(3):224-9 Authors: Søyseth V, Johnsen HL, Kongerud J OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the possibility that employees reporting respiratory symptoms were more likely than asymptomatic workers to dropout of a respiratory study carried out in Norwegian smelters. METHODS: The study included 3924 employees in 24 Norwegian smelters. They were examined annually using a respiratory questionnaire and spirometry. The employees who did not meet for the follow-up within 18 months prior to the end of the study were considered dropouts. The data were analyzed using Cox regression for time-dependent covariates. RESULTS: The total and the median follow-up times were 16 997 and 4.9 years, respectively. The overall dropout rate was 44.5 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 41.5-47.8 per 1000 person-years]. The hazard ratio (HR) for dropout was 1.38 (95% CI 1.15-1.66) for the workers reporting any respiratory symptom compared with the asymptomatic workers. The effect was the strongest among the employees who reported dyspnea, and it was stronger regarding symptoms at the last visit than for the baseline symptoms. Similarly, the hazard ratio for dropout for those with an airflow limitation [forced expiratory volume/forced vital capacity below the 5th percentile of the predicted value] was 1.31 (95% CI 1.01-1.69) when they were compared with employees without any airflow limitation. CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation are important predictors of dropout from a longitudinal respiratory study. PMID: 18728912 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
A diary study to open up the black box of overtime work among university faculty members.
Beckers DG, van Hooff ML, van der Linden D, Kompier MA, Taris TW, Geurts SA Related Articles A diary study to open up the black box of overtime work among university faculty members. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2008 Jun;34(3):213-23 Authors: Beckers DG, van Hooff ML, van der Linden D, Kompier MA, Taris TW, Geurts SA OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at opening up the black box of overtime work among university faculty members by providing information on (i) when faculty members work overtime, (ii) what activities are undertaken during overtime, and (iii) how overtime is experienced. METHODS: Data were collected among 120 Dutch faculty members who completed a general questionnaire (addressing general overtime hours, work characteristics, and well-being) and a 9-day diary study (with information on daily overtime hours, activities, and experiences). Analyses of variance were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Overtime was very prevalent among faculty members, high overtime workers being nonfatigued, engaged employees with positive work characteristics. Overtime was unevenly distributed over the week, being common on Sunday and Monday and uncommon on Friday and Saturday. Overtime activities during the weekend differed from those during the workweek, relatively much time being spent on research during weekend overtime. Overtime activities were experienced differently than activities during regular hours, overtime work being experienced as less effortful and less stressful than regular workhours and weekend overtime being less pleasurable than regular hours and evening overtime. CONCLUSIONS: This detailed day-to-day mapping and evaluation of overtime work contributes to a better understanding of overtime work by demonstrating meaningful patterns of overtime over the (work)week and meaningful associations between overtime activities and time-contingent experiences. It is suggested that worktime control plays an important role in explaining the results. PMID: 18728911 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Annals of Occupational Hygiene - current issue
Canada, Chrysotile, and the Search for Truth
Ogden, T. Fri, 07 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Characterization and Kinetics Study of Off-Gas Emissions from Stored Wood Pellets
Kuang, X., Shankar, T. J., Bi, X. T., Sokhansanj, S., Jim Lim, C., Melin, S. Fri, 07 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
The full potential health impact from the emissions of biomass fuels, including wood pellets, during storage and transportation has not been documented in the open literature. The purpose of this study is to provide data on the concentration of CO2, CO and CH4 from wood pellets stored in sealed vessels and to develop a kinetic model for predicting the transient emission rate factors at different storage temperatures. Five 45-l metal containers (305 mm diameter by 610 mm long) equipped with heating and temperature control devices were used to study the temperature effect on the off-gas emissions from wood pellets. Concurrently, ten 2-l aluminum canisters (100 mm diameter by 250 mm long) were used to study the off-gas emissions from different types of biomass materials. Concentrations of CO2, CO and CH4 were measured by a gas chromatograph as a function of storage time and storage temperature. The results showed that the concentrations of CO, CO2 and CH4 in the sealed space of the reactor increased over time, fast at the beginning but leveling off after a few days. A first-order reaction kinetics fitted the data well. The maximum concentration and the time it takes for the buildup of gas concentrations can be predicted using kinetic equations
Variability and Determinants of Wood Dust and Resin Acid Exposure during Wood Pellet Production: Measurement Strategies and Bias in Assessing Exposure-Response Relationships
Hagstrom, K., Lundholm, C., Eriksson, K., Liljelind, I. Fri, 07 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Production of wood pellets is a relatively new and expanding industry in which the exposure profiles differ from those in other wood-processing industries like carpentries and sawmills where there are lower levels of wood dust. Sixty-eight personal exposure measurements of wood dust (inhalable and total dust) and resin acids were collected for 44 participants at four production plants located in Sweden. Results were used to estimate within- and between-worker variability and to identify uniformly exposed groups and determinants of exposure. In addition, overexposure, whether the risk of the long-term mean exposure of a randomly selected worker exceeding the occupational exposure limit is acceptably low, was calculated as well as the underestimation of the exposure–response relationship (attenuation). Greater variability in exposure between work shifts than between workers was observed with the within-worker variation accounting for 57–99% of the total variance in the individual-based model. Several uniformly exposed groups were detected but were mostly associated with a between-worker variation of zero which is an underestimation of the between-worker variation but an indication of uniformly exposed groups. Cleaning was identified as a work task that increases exposure slightly; so reducing workers' exposure during this operation is advisable. The levels of wood dust were high and were found to pose unacceptable risks of overexposure at all plants for inhalable dust and at three out of four plants for total dust. These findings show that exposure to dust needs to be reduced in this industry. For resin acids, the exposure was classed as acceptable at all plants. According to an individual-based model constructed from the data, the level of attenuation was high, and thus there would be substantial bias in derived dose–response relationships.
Exposure to Manufactured Nanostructured Particles in an Industrial Pilot Plant
Demou, E., Peter, P., Hellweg, S. Fri, 07 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Objectives: Nanomaterial production and the number of people directly in contact with these materials are increasing. Yet, little is known on the association between exposure and corresponding risks, such as pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress. Methods: Condensation Particle Counters, a DustTrakTM and Scanning Mobility Particle SizerTM quantified real-time size, mass and number concentrations in a nanostructure particle pilot-scale production facility, using a high-temperature gas-phase process, over a 25-day period. Temporal and spatial analysis of particle concentrations and sizes was performed during production, maintenance and handling. Number-based particle retention of breathing mask filters used under real-time production and exposure conditions in the workplace was quantified. Results: The results demonstrate elevated number concentrations during production, which can be an order of magnitude higher than background levels. Average concentrations during production were 59 100 cm–3 and 0.188 mg m–3 for submicron particles. Mask filters decreased particle number concentrations by >96%. Conclusions: This study demonstrates real-time worker exposure during gas-phase nanoparticle manufacturing. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of emission sources and concentration levels in a production plant is accomplished. These results are important for workers, employers and regulators in the nanotechnology field as they provide information on encountered exposures and possibilities for mitigation measures.
Temporal Evolution of Nanoparticle Aerosols in Workplace Exposure
Seipenbusch, M., Binder, A., Kasper, G. Fri, 07 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
The evolution in time of a nanoparticle (NP) aerosol released into a simulated workplace environment was investigated for different starting scenarios including (i) NP release into a particle-free atmosphere and (ii) release in presence of a pre-existing background aerosol. In each case, particle number distributions and total number concentrations in a 2 m3 aerosol chamber were monitored over several hours. On the time scale and under the conditions relevant for workplace exposure, collisions between NP within their own size class and, if present, with the background aerosol were identified as the most important mechanism driving the change in particle size and number concentration. A model has been formulated on the basis of well-known aerosol dynamic principles to predict the evolution of NP number concentration for a defined source and a defined environment (a given background aerosol concentration). A dimensionless number is introduced to scale the rate of NP concentration change relative to background aerosol concentration and particle size, which scales inversely with the concentration of free NP in the atmosphere. Beyond the physical change, the emergence of binary agglomerates constitutes a change in chemical composition of the aerosol. It is shown that the NPs are still chemically present in the aerosol after becoming attached to background particles, thus remaining airborne while being invisible in the size distribution.
Determining the Dustiness of Powders--A Comparison of three Measuring Devices
Bach, S., Schmidt, E. Fri, 07 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
The dustiness of 12 test powders was determined using three different measuring methods. One of the methods, the continuous drop method, is a reference test method according to the EN 15051 ‘Workplace atmospheres—Measurement of the dustiness of bulk materials—Requirements and reference test methods’. A test of equivalence between the reference test method and the other two methods, the modified Heubach Dustmeter, a rotating drum method and the Palas Dustview, a single-drop method, has been carried out as provided in Annex D of the European standard. No equivalence was found between any of the test methods. An applied best-case scenario yielded a slightly better outcome, but the results lead to the conclusion that it is impossible to generate viable values using the test of equivalence provided in the standard. This outcome was expected and is due to the different handling procedures applied—which, however, relates to the reality of the variety of material-handling procedures in the workplace.
Sites:
A-Team: A-Team Health Recruitment Ireland specialises in finding health professionals jobs and employment in Ireland and UK.ASA Therapy: For Medical Recruitment in the UK visit Quality Locums Healthcare Recruitment Agency listing Locum Jobs for medical, health, care and education professionals.
Beresford Blake Thomas Recruitment: BBT is one of the world's leading specialist recruitment consultancies, with over a decade's recruitment experience in providing temporary and permanent staff to hundreds of organisations across the globe.
Countrywide Medical Selection: Countrywide Medical Selection (CMS) - providers of physiotherapy jobs, occupational therapy jobs and speech & language therapy jobs in the UK. Countrywide Medical (CMS)is a specialist recruitment agency for Occupational Therapists, Physiotherapists and Speech & Language Therapists, looking for lo...
Elite Recruitment: UK locum and permanent positions with online registration and information on visas and work permits.
ERA-Agency: A great Shockwave site from one of the exciting new forces in UK web design
Gladstone Medical: UK locum and permanent positions with online registration.
Health Care Choice: US permanent and locum positions. Includes contact details but no online registration or job listing.
Health Care Jobs USA: Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy jobs and Speech Therapy Jobs and Continuing Educational Workshops. Forum page so therapists can post messages and network with each others. Health care products advertised
Healthcare Therapy Services, Inc.: Healthcare Therapy Services offers therapy jobs to physical therapist, occupational therapist, and speech therapist to facilities all throughout the midwest.
Holt Medical: Holt Medical Recruitment is a specialist medical recruitment agency committed to providing total recruitment solutions in the NHS, social services and private health and industry sectors.
Occupational Therapist Jobs Occupational Therapy Jobs: OCCUPATIONAL THERAPIST jobs employment careers! Post your occupational therapy job employment occupational therapist jobs health care job ot jobs resume or find a occupational therapy job listing at occupationaltherapyjob.com
OTJobLink (AOTA): Welcome to AOTA's interactive online occupational therapy career center! AOTA's OTjobLink is your online career and employment connection, created with the needs of the occupational therapy community in mind.
Rehabilitation Specialists: Occupational therapy solutions
Theracare inc.: TheraKare provides staffing of rehabilitation professionals; primarily physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech language pathologists. We hire both domestic and internationally trained professionals. We provide both temporary (traveling) and direct placement services to hospital...
Therapy Workline: Physio jobs by therapy workline in the UK.
TriStar Rehab: Physical therapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy agency (US-based).
UK Therapist: UK recruitment magazine for occupational therapists and physiotherapists with job listings and application forms.
This directory is based on the Open Directory and may have been modified