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American Journal of Industrial Medicine
The relationship between chronic rhinosinusitis and occupation: The 1998, 2001, and 2005 Korea National health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES)
Dong-Hee Koh, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Soon-Sil Han Tue, 02 Dec 2008 10:54:00 -0000
We examined the relationship between chronic rhinosinusitis and occupation.We analyzed data from the 1998, 2001, and 2005 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Men and women aged 20-59 who participated in the three KNHANES were included to analyze the relationship between chronic rhinosinusitis and occupation. Trained interviewers visited subjects' homes and administered a standardized questionnaire on diagnosed diseases. Subjects were asked if they had experienced chronic rhinosinusitis during the previous year or had had rhinosinusitis for three or more consecutive months. Occupational classification followed the major groups of the Korean Standard Classification of Occupations (KSCO). We calculated the prevalence ratios (PRs) of chronic rhinosinusitis by major groups compared with clerical workers in the three KNHANES. Poisson regression with robust standard error was conducted, adjusting for age in 10-year strata.There were significantly increased PRs of chronic rhinosinusitis in plant and machinery operators and assemblers, elementary occupations, crafts and related trade workers, and the unemployed.These results support the relationship between chronic rhinosinusitis and occupational exposure at the macro level. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Musculoskeletal pain in women working in small-scale agriculture in South Africa
S. Naidoo, H. Kromhout, L. London, R.N. Naidoo, A. Burdorf Wed, 26 Nov 2008 11:23:00 -0000
Musculoskeletal pain is associated with demographic, occupational and physical factors.Our study investigated the prevalence and factors associated with musculoskeletal pain in 911 women working in small-scale agriculture in rural northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa in 2006 using a questionnaire survey.In total, 67% (n = 574) of women reported any chronic musculoskeletal pain. The 12-month prevalence of pain ranged from 63.9% to 73.3% and the prevalence of specific chronic pain lasting more than 3 months ranged from 42.8% to 48.3%. Older age, carrying heavy loads, working with hands above shoulder height, and frequently squatting and kneeling were associated with chronic musculoskeletal pain.The prevalence of pain reported in our study, was similar to other developing countries, but considerably higher than in developed countries. Ergonomic interventions including improved and adapted work techniques and tools should be considered to reduce the prevalence of pain in our study population. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Salivary cortisol and psychosocial hazards at work
Giovanni Maina, Antonio Palmas, Massimo Bovenzi, Francesca Larese Filon Thu, 20 Nov 2008 10:03:00 -0000
Experimental and clinical evidence suggest that stress can lead to ill-health through the disregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Studies to date have produced equivocal results likely due to different methodologies and failure to account for confounding factors. This investigation aimed to assess the relation between self-reported work-related stressors and salivary cortisol and to clarify the role of the potential confounders.Thirty-six call-handlers completed a self-administered job content questionnaire and collected seven daily salivary samples on two workdays and a weekend. The diurnal salivary cortisol output was expressed as cortisol awakening response (CAR), and cortisol output in the rest of the day. Salivary cortisol data were normalized by means of square root transformation. The generalized estimating equations method was used to assess the relation between job strain and cortisol levels after adjusting for gender, weekdays and adherence to the sampling schedule.Job strain significantly influenced the total amount of cortisol response to waking (high strain vs. low strain: 1.1 (0.3-2.0) nmol/L). The cortisol response to waking showed gender-specific differences [women excreting greater cortisol than men: 1.1 (0.3-1.9) nmol/L], and weekday differences [workdays vs. weekend: 1.0 (0.3-1.6) nmol/L]. Non-compliance with the sampling protocol was associated with lower salivary cortisol than in adherent subjects.Our results provide further evidence for the HPA axis involvement in the physiological response to work stress. The measure of the CAR showed to be the sensitive index to assess the physiological response to psychosocial factors. Gender, weekday, and protocol compliance were confounding factors. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Upper extremity pain and computer use among engineering graduate students: A replication study
Cammie Chaumont Menéndez, Benjamin C. Amick III, Mark Jenkins, Cyrus Caroom, Michelle Robertson, Ronald B. Harrist, Jeffrey N. Katz Mon, 17 Nov 2008 13:55:00 -0000
Recent literature identified upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms at a prevalence of >40% in college populations. The study objectives were to determine weekly computer use and the prevalence of upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms in a graduate student population, and make comparisons with previous graduate and undergraduate cohorts.One hundred sixty-six graduate students completed a survey on computing and musculoskeletal health. Associations between individual factors and symptom status, functional limitations, academic impact, medication use, and health services utilization were determined. Logistic regression analyses evaluated the association between symptom status and computing. Cross-study comparisons were made.More symptomatic participants experienced functional limitations than asymptomatic participants (74% vs. 32%, P < 0.001) and reported medication use for computing pain (34% vs. 10%, P < 0.01). More participants who experienced symptoms within an hour of computing used health services compared to those who experienced symptoms after an hour of computer use (60% vs. 12%, P < 0.01). Years of computer use (OR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.05-2.40) and number of years in school where weekly computer use was more than 10 hr (OR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.04-2.35) were associated with pain within an hour of computing. Cross-study comparisons found college populations more similar than different.The overall findings reinforced previous literature documenting the prevalence of upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms in college populations, suggesting an important population for participating in public health interventions designed to support healthy computing practices and identify risk factors important to evaluate in future cohort studies. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Injuries and fatalities to U.S. farmers and farm workers 55 years and older
John R. Myers, Larry A. Layne, Suzanne M. Marsh Mon, 17 Nov 2008 13:55:00 -0000
Previous studies have shown that older farmers and farm workers have been identified at high risk for farm fatalities, most notably involving tractor overturns. Older farmers also incur more severe non-fatal injuries.Data from two national surveillance systems are presented to describe fatal and non-fatal injuries occurring to older farmers 55+ years of age. Tractor-related fatality investigations for older farmers are examined for characteristics of the tractors not available in the injury surveillance systems.Older farmers and farm workers averaged 26,573 lost-time injuries annually in 2001 and 2004, with an injury rate of 4.5 injuries/100 workers/year compared to an overall farming injury rate of 4.8 injuries/100 workers/year. Fatality data show that older farmers accounted for over half of all farming deaths between 1992 and 2004 (3,671 of 7,064 deaths), and had a fatality rate of 45.8 deaths/100,000 workers/year compared to the overall farming fatality rate of 25.4 deaths/100,000 workers/year. Most common mechanisms of fatal injury to older farmers were "tractors" (46%), "trucks" (7%), and "animals" (5%).Although older farmers and farm workers are at lower risk of overall injury compared to their younger counterparts, injuries to farmers 55 years and older tend to be much more severe. To effectively minimize the risk faced by older farmers, prevention programs must encourage safe work behaviors and practices and the implementation/installation of appropriate safety devices and equipment. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sickness absence and workplace levels of satisfaction with psychosocial work conditions at public service workplaces
Torsten Munch-Hansen, Joanna Wieclaw, Esben Agerbo, Niels Westergaard-Nielsen, Mikael Rosenkilde, Jens Peter Bonde Mon, 17 Nov 2008 10:22:00 -0000
The objective of this study was to examine the impact of psychosocial work conditions on sickness absence while addressing methodological weaknesses in earlier studies.The participants were 13,437 employees from 698 public service workplace units in Aarhus County, Denmark. Satisfaction with psychosocial work conditions was rated on a scale from 0 (low) to 10 (high). Individual ratings were aggregated to workplace scores. Analysis of variance was used to compare the average number of days of yearly sickness absence in three groups with different levels of satisfaction with psychosocial work conditions.Sickness absence was 30.8% lower in the most satisfied group (11.7 days/year (CI 95%: 10.2; 13.1)) than in the least satisfied group (16.9 days/year (CI 95%: 15.3; 18.6)) adjusted for the covariates included.Satisfaction with psychosocial work conditions has a strong and independent impact on sickness absence. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
Persulphate challenge in female hairdressers with nasal hyperreactivity suggests immune cell, but no IgE reaction
Tue, 02 Dec 2008 07:32:27 -0000
Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to examine the effects of persulphate on the nasal mucosa and on the immune cells in hairdressers suffering from bleaching powder associated rhinitis (BAR) versus subjects with rhinitis not previously exposed to bleaching powder. Methods Fifteen hairdressers (S) with BAR, 14 without symptoms (WS) and 12 atopics (A) with rhinitis but without exposure to bleaching powder were studied. Each performed a nasal challenge with persulphates. Effect parameters were symptom score, acoustic rhinometry, albumin in nasal lavage, subpopulations of lymphocytes in blood and specific serum antibodies. Results The S group had a post-challenge increase in nasal symptoms and nasal lavage albumin. The A group reacted to a lesser intent. The S and A groups showed an increase in Th1 cells. An HLA class II cell expression was noticed in both groups of hairdressers. No evidence of a type 1 reaction (immediate type) to persulphate was noticed. Conclusions Persulphate challenge affects hairdressers with BAR, but also atopics. The reaction may be driven by a Th1 cell activation. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00420-008-0392-3Authors Kerstin Kronholm Diab, University Hospital Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 221 85 Lund SwedenLennart Truedsson, University Hospital Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology 221 85 Lund SwedenMaria Albin, University Hospital Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 221 85 Lund SwedenJørn Nielsen, University Hospital Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 221 85 Lund Sweden Journal International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthOnline ISSN 1432-1246Print ISSN 0340-0131
Comments to the paper by González-Yebra et al. (2008) “Exposure to organic solvents and cytogenetic damage in exfoliated cells of the buccal mucosa from shoe workers”
Wed, 26 Nov 2008 19:59:53 -0000
Comments to the paper by González-Yebra et al. (2008) “Exposure to organic solvents and cytogenetic damage in exfoliated cells of the buccal mucosa from shoe workers” Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Letter to the EditorDOI 10.1007/s00420-008-0388-zAuthors Armen Nersesyan, Institute of Cancer Research Vienna Austria Journal International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthOnline ISSN 1432-1246Print ISSN 0340-0131
Cytological damage of nasal epithelium associated with decreased glutathione peroxidase in residents from a heavily polluted city
Wed, 26 Nov 2008 19:59:53 -0000
Abstract Objective To evaluate the cytological damage and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) content in the nasal epithelium of residents of Southwest Metropolitan Mexico City (SWMMC) along 1 year of ozone and PM10 exposure. Method Four nasal scrapings were obtained in 20 volunteers from a control low polluted city and SWMMC permanent residents (n = 20) during 1 year. The scrapings were obtained in September and December 2004, and February and May 2005. One part of the scraping was stained by hematoxylin–eosin technique for cytological evaluation and a second part was stained by immunocytochemistry method to evaluate GPX concentration by morphometry. Results Control subjects: in total, 30% had no cytological alterations and 70% showed only mild or moderate inflammation in four nasal scrapings. All SWMMC residents showed moderate to severe inflammatory processes in some scrapings. Additionally, dysplasia was found once (in 2 cases) or more than on scraping in five cases (25%). GPX concentration in the control group remained highest in median values throughout the study. SWMMC residents with the highest median values of GPX content were found in the May and September scrapings, and the lowest median values were found in December and February when Ozone and PM10 levels are increased (P ≤ 0.05). A lower GPX content was found as the cytological damage increased (P ≤ 0.001). Conclusion Cytological evaluation of nasal epithelium and GPX immunodetection are satisfactory methods to evaluate the earliest damage produced by atmospheric pollution in heavily contaminated cities. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00420-008-0378-1Authors S. A. Hernández-Escobar, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez Pathology Department Mexico MexicoM. C. Ávila-Casado, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez Pathology Department Mexico MexicoV. Soto-Abraham, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez Pathology Department Mexico MexicoO. L. López Escudero, Instituto Latinoamericano de Comunicación Educativa Mexico MexicoM. E. Soto, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez Pathology Department Mexico MexicoM. L. Vega-Bravo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional Prol. de Carpio y Plan de Ayala Cytology Laboratory, Morphology Department 11340 Mexico MexicoT. Fortoul van der Goes, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Cellular and Tissue Biology Department, Facultad de Medicina Mexico MexicoElba Reyes-Maldonado, Instituto Politécnico Nacional Prol. de Carpio y Plan de Ayala Cytology Laboratory, Morphology Department 11340 Mexico Mexico Journal International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthOnline ISSN 1432-1246Print ISSN 0340-0131
Comparison between exhaled breath condensate analysis as a marker for cobalt and tungsten exposure and biomonitoring in workers of a hard metal alloy processing plant
Wed, 26 Nov 2008 19:59:53 -0000
Abstract Objective Cobalt (Co), Tungsten (W) and Tungsten Carbides (WC) are major constituents of hard metal alloys. Whereas little is known about potential health hazards due to tungsten carbide exposure, occupational exposure to cobalt has been shown to induce a variety of respiratory diseases. Since the concentration of a potentially hazardous substance in the target organ is the most meaningful risk indicator in occupational medicine, the detection of hard metals in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) has been proposed to be a valuable instrument. The present study examines the correlation of Co and W concentrations in EBC and urine with one another and various spirometrical and clinical parameters to scrutinize this potential. Methods A total of 62 subjects (90.3% males, age 40.6 ± 9.2 years) were recruited from a hard metal processing plant in Germany. Examinations included the airborne workplace exposure, a complete spirometry, measurements of Co and W concentrations in EBC and urine with high resolution inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR ICP-MS) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). Results Air concentrations ranged between 0.0019 mg/m³ and 0.074 mg/m³ for Co and 0.012 mg/m³ and 0.021 mg/m³ for W. Median urine concentrations and interquartile ranges of the exposed subjects ranged from 0.81 (0.0–1.46) μg/l for Co and 30.5 (14.5–57.7) μg/l for W. Median breath condensate metal concentrations and interquartile ranges ranged from 8.4 (5.0–13.9) μg/l for Co and 8.8 (4.4–18.5) μg/l for W. Urine concentrations of Co and W were closely related to the airborne workplace exposure that had been assessed by air monitoring. EBC concentrations of Co and W showed no correlations to urinary W and Co concentrations and the ambient monitoring results of the individual workplace, respectively. Cobalt EBC concentration was elevated in subjects who reported to have suffered from respiratory disease; both Co and W concentrations in EBC, however, decreased with increasing spirometrical signs of obstruction. Conclusion According to our study, urinary concentrations of Co and W seem to be more reliable indicators of current workplace exposure than EBC concentrations. As far as new methods and exposure matrices for valid concentration measurements in respiratory organs and possible hazardous effects—especially of cobalt—in the lung are concerned, the present results are less clear-cut, and further research is required. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00420-008-0390-5Authors Horst Christoph Broding, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational-, Social- and Environmental Medicine Schillerstraße 25 and 29 91054 Erlangen GermanyBernhard Michalke, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health Institute of Ecological Chemistry Ingolstädter Landstr. 1 85764 Neuherberg GermanyThomas Göen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational-, Social- and Environmental Medicine Schillerstraße 25 and 29 91054 Erlangen GermanyHans Drexler, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational-, Social- and Environmental Medicine Schillerstraße 25 and 29 91054 Erlangen Germany Journal International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthOnline ISSN 1432-1246Print ISSN 0340-0131
Reproducibility and validity of heart rate variability and respiration rate measurements in participants with prolonged fatigue complaints
Wed, 26 Nov 2008 19:59:53 -0000
Abstract Purpose (1) To evaluate reproducibility of heart rate variability (HRV) and respiration rate (RR) measurements during reclining and cycling in participants with prolonged fatigue and (2) to assess concurrent validity between HRV and RR measurements and fatigue. Methods Twenty-seven subjects reporting prolonged fatigue complaints resulting in functional impairments participated in the study. Fatigue complaints and functional impairments were assessed. Two to 4 days later, they underwent two repeated measurements of time-domain HRV (SDNN and RMSSD) and RR with 3–4 days between. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) and standard error of measurement (SEM) were calculated to define reproducibility and Pearson correlations were calculated to define concurrent validity. Results ICC means for SDNN and RMSSD during reclining and cycling ranged from 0.86 to 0.93. For RR the ICC means were 0.65 and 0.85 for reclining and cycling, respectively. The SEM values (ms) for SDNN and RMSSD ranged from 1.08 to 7.71 while the SEM values for RR were 1.82 and 1.99 for reclining and cycling, respectively. The Pearson correlations were non-significant and ranged from −0.05 to 0.15. Conclusions There was good reproducibility of HRV and RR in participants with prolonged fatigue complaints. Concurrent validity between HRV and RR measurements and fatigue was low. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00420-008-0391-4Authors Judith K. Sluiter, University of Amsterdam Academic Medical Center, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health P.O. Box 22700 1100 DE Amsterdam The NetherlandsAlida M. Guijt, University of Amsterdam Academic Medical Center, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health P.O. Box 22700 1100 DE Amsterdam The NetherlandsMonique H. Frings-Dresen, University of Amsterdam Academic Medical Center, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health P.O. Box 22700 1100 DE Amsterdam The Netherlands Journal International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthOnline ISSN 1432-1246Print ISSN 0340-0131
Determinants of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide in South Korean children
Thu, 20 Nov 2008 08:10:33 -0000
Abstract Objectives This study was conducted to investigate the dominant sources of the urinary pyrene metabolite, 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG), in South Korean children. Methods Urine samples were collected from 102 non-smoking children (aged 10–14). Urinary 1-OHPG was assayed by synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, following immuno-affinity purification using monoclonal antibody 8E11. Urinary cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, was measured by GC/MS. Information on environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, diet, fuel type for heating home, and other possible sources of PAH exposure was collected by self-administered questionnaires. Results Mean (±SE) 1-OHPG levels were 1.64 (±0.06) ng/ml (range 0.04–3.27 ng/ml). Two multiple linear regression analyses (differing in how ETS was approximated: by parental smoking or urinary cotinine) revealed a positive association between urinary 1-OHPG levels and parental smoking at home (P = 0.007), log urinary cotinine (P = 0.165), frequent grilled (shell)fish consumption (P = 0.061), and living in a commercial/other zone (P = 0.007) versus a residential or industrial zone. No consistent associations were found between 1-OHPG and the child’s sex, grilled meat consumption, or fuels used to heat the home. Conclusions These results support that ETS, frequent grilled fish consumption, and the ambient environment are important predictors of urinary 1-OHPG levels in South Korean children. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00420-008-0385-2Authors Kyoung-Ho Lee, Hanyang University Biomedical Research Group, Hanyang Brain Korea 21 Seoul Republic of KoreaRoel Vermeulen, Utrecht University Environmental and Occupational Health Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences Utrecht The NetherlandsVirissa Lenters, Utrecht University Environmental and Occupational Health Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences Utrecht The NetherlandsSoo-Hun Cho, Institute for Environmental Medicine, SNUMRC Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine 28 Yongon-Dong Chongno-Gu Seoul 110-799 Republic of KoreaPaul T. Strickland, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Department of Environmental Health Sciences Baltimore MD USADaehee Kang, Institute for Environmental Medicine, SNUMRC Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine 28 Yongon-Dong Chongno-Gu Seoul 110-799 Republic of Korea Journal International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthOnline ISSN 1432-1246Print ISSN 0340-0131
Occupational Therapy International
Retracted: Development of an education programme for caregivers of people aging with multiple sclerosis
Marcia Finlayson, Jennifer Dahl Garcia, Katharine L. Preissner Tue, 05 Feb 2008 03:48:00 -0000
The article from Occupational Therapy International, Development of an Education Program for Caregivers of People Aging with Multiple Sclerosis (DOI: 10.1002/OTI.245) by Marcia Finlayson, Jennifer Garcia and Katharine Preissner, published online on 5 February 2008 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com), has been retracted by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The retraction has been agreed due to dual publication of this article. Copyright ? 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Occupational Medicine - current issue
OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE CALENDAR
Tue, 02 Dec 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Top 10 articles to October 2008
Tue, 02 Dec 2008 00:00:00 -0000
In this issue of Occupational Medicine
Hobson, J. Tue, 02 Dec 2008 00:00:00 -0000
PubMed: 0355-3140
Sharpening the focus on occupational safety and health in nanotechnology.
Schulte P, Geraci C, Zumwalde R, Hoover M, Castranova V, Kuempel E, Murashov V, Vainio H, Savolainen K Related Articles Sharpening the focus on occupational safety and health in nanotechnology. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2008 Nov 20; Authors: Schulte P, Geraci C, Zumwalde R, Hoover M, Castranova V, Kuempel E, Murashov V, Vainio H, Savolainen K Increasing numbers of workers are involved with the production, use, distribution, and disposal of nanomaterials. At the same time, there is a growing number of reports of adverse biological effects of engineered nanoparticles in test systems. It is useful, at this juncture, to identify critical questions that will help address knowledge gaps concerning the potential occupational hazards of these materials. The questions address (i) hazard classification of engineered nanoparticles, (ii) exposure metrics, (iii) the actual exposures to the different engineered nanoparticles in the workplace, (iv) the limits of engineering controls and personal protective equipment with respect to engineered nanoparticles, (v) the kinds of surveillance programs that may be required at workplaces to protect potentially exposed workers, (vi) whether exposure registers should be established for workers potentially exposed to engineered nanoparticles, and, (vii) whether engineered nanoparticles should be treated as "new" substances and evaluated for safety and hazards? PMID: 19030766 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Long-term follow-up study of mortality and the incidence of cancer in a cohort of workers at a primary aluminum smelter in Sweden.
Björ O, Damber L, Edström C, Nilsson T Related Articles Long-term follow-up study of mortality and the incidence of cancer in a cohort of workers at a primary aluminum smelter in Sweden. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2008 Nov 20; Authors: Björ O, Damber L, Edström C, Nilsson T OBJECTIVES: Previous studies on mortality and the incidence of cancer among workers at primary aluminum smelters have produced conclusive results indicating an elevated risk of bladder cancer. An increased risk of lung cancer has also been reported several times. The objective of this study was to examine mortality and the incidence of cancer at a Swedish aluminum smelter when different neighboring reference populations were used to evaluate any relationships to the length of employment. METHODS: A historical cohort-comprised of 2264 male nonoffice workers employed from 1942 on and tracked up to the year 2000-was examined. With the use of three reference populations for mortality and four for cancer incidence, standardized mortality and incidence ratios were calculated, together with hazard ratios derived from Cox regression models. RESULTS: This study showed an excess risk of mortality due to chronic obstructive lung disease, mental disorders, and diseases of the digestive system among the short-term workers. An elevated risk of cancer was found for the lungs, central nervous system, and esophagus. The highest lung cancer risk was observed for the workers employed for >/=10 years in the factory when they were compared with the reference group from northern Sweden (standardized incidence ratio 1.99, 95% confidence ratio 1.21-3.07). CONCLUSIONS: The results support previous studies that demonstrated an excess risk of lung cancer, but, in contrast to the results of most studies, cancer of the central nervous system was also elevated. This study did not, however, verify an association between this type of exposure and cancer of the urinary organs. PMID: 19030765 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Behavior of aluminum in aluminum welders and manufacturers of aluminum sulfate-impact on biological monitoring.
Riihimäki V, Valkonen S, Engström B, Tossavainen A, Mutanen P, Aitio A Related Articles Behavior of aluminum in aluminum welders and manufacturers of aluminum sulfate-impact on biological monitoring. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2008 Nov 17; Authors: Riihimäki V, Valkonen S, Engström B, Tossavainen A, Mutanen P, Aitio A OBJECTIVES: The suitability of determining aluminum in serum or urine as a form of biological monitoring was critically assessed. METHODS: Airborne and internal aluminum exposure was assessed for 12 aluminum welders in a shipyard and 5 manufacturers of aluminum sulfate. Particles were characterized with X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Aluminum in air and biological samples was analyzed using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Basic toxicokinetic features were inferred from the data. RESULTS: The mean 8-hour time-weighted average concentration of aluminum was 1.1 (range 0.008-6.1) mg/m (3)for the shipyard and 0.13 (range 0.02-0.5) mg/m (3)for the aluminum sulfate plant. Welding fume contained aluminum oxide particles <0.1 microm in diameter and their agglomerates, whereas bauxite and aluminum sulfate particles ranged from 1 to 10 microm in diameter. The shipyard welders' mean postshift serum and urinary concentrations of aluminum (S-Al and U-Al, respectively) were 0.22 and 3.4 micromol/l, respectively, and the aluminum sulfate workers' corresponding values were 0.13 and 0.58 micromol/l. Between two shifts, the welders' S-Al concentration decreased by about 50% (P<0.01), but their U-Al concentration did not change (P=0.64). No corresponding temporal changes occurred among the aluminum sulfate workers. After aluminum welding at the shipyard had ceased, the median S-Al concentration decreased by about 50% (P=0.007) within a year, but there was no change (P=0.75) in the corresponding U-Al concentration. CONCLUSIONS: About 1% of aluminum in welding fume appears to be rapidly absorbed from the lungs, whereas an undetermined fraction is retained and forms a lung burden. A higher fractional absorption of aluminum seems possible for aluminum sulfate workers without evidence of a lung burden. After rapid absorption, aluminum is slowly mobilized from the lung burden and dominates the S-Al and U-Al concentrations of aluminum welders. For kinetic reasons, S-Al or U-Al concentrations cannot be used to estimate the accumulation of aluminum in the target organs of toxicity. However, using U-Al analysis to monitor aluminum welders' lung burden seems practical. PMID: 19030764 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Annals of Occupational Hygiene - current issue
Canada, Chrysotile, and the Search for Truth
Ogden, T. Fri, 07 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Characterization and Kinetics Study of Off-Gas Emissions from Stored Wood Pellets
Kuang, X., Shankar, T. J., Bi, X. T., Sokhansanj, S., Jim Lim, C., Melin, S. Fri, 07 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
The full potential health impact from the emissions of biomass fuels, including wood pellets, during storage and transportation has not been documented in the open literature. The purpose of this study is to provide data on the concentration of CO2, CO and CH4 from wood pellets stored in sealed vessels and to develop a kinetic model for predicting the transient emission rate factors at different storage temperatures. Five 45-l metal containers (305 mm diameter by 610 mm long) equipped with heating and temperature control devices were used to study the temperature effect on the off-gas emissions from wood pellets. Concurrently, ten 2-l aluminum canisters (100 mm diameter by 250 mm long) were used to study the off-gas emissions from different types of biomass materials. Concentrations of CO2, CO and CH4 were measured by a gas chromatograph as a function of storage time and storage temperature. The results showed that the concentrations of CO, CO2 and CH4 in the sealed space of the reactor increased over time, fast at the beginning but leveling off after a few days. A first-order reaction kinetics fitted the data well. The maximum concentration and the time it takes for the buildup of gas concentrations can be predicted using kinetic equations
Variability and Determinants of Wood Dust and Resin Acid Exposure during Wood Pellet Production: Measurement Strategies and Bias in Assessing Exposure-Response Relationships
Hagstrom, K., Lundholm, C., Eriksson, K., Liljelind, I. Fri, 07 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Production of wood pellets is a relatively new and expanding industry in which the exposure profiles differ from those in other wood-processing industries like carpentries and sawmills where there are lower levels of wood dust. Sixty-eight personal exposure measurements of wood dust (inhalable and total dust) and resin acids were collected for 44 participants at four production plants located in Sweden. Results were used to estimate within- and between-worker variability and to identify uniformly exposed groups and determinants of exposure. In addition, overexposure, whether the risk of the long-term mean exposure of a randomly selected worker exceeding the occupational exposure limit is acceptably low, was calculated as well as the underestimation of the exposure–response relationship (attenuation). Greater variability in exposure between work shifts than between workers was observed with the within-worker variation accounting for 57–99% of the total variance in the individual-based model. Several uniformly exposed groups were detected but were mostly associated with a between-worker variation of zero which is an underestimation of the between-worker variation but an indication of uniformly exposed groups. Cleaning was identified as a work task that increases exposure slightly; so reducing workers' exposure during this operation is advisable. The levels of wood dust were high and were found to pose unacceptable risks of overexposure at all plants for inhalable dust and at three out of four plants for total dust. These findings show that exposure to dust needs to be reduced in this industry. For resin acids, the exposure was classed as acceptable at all plants. According to an individual-based model constructed from the data, the level of attenuation was high, and thus there would be substantial bias in derived dose–response relationships.
Exposure to Manufactured Nanostructured Particles in an Industrial Pilot Plant
Demou, E., Peter, P., Hellweg, S. Fri, 07 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Objectives: Nanomaterial production and the number of people directly in contact with these materials are increasing. Yet, little is known on the association between exposure and corresponding risks, such as pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress. Methods: Condensation Particle Counters, a DustTrakTM and Scanning Mobility Particle SizerTM quantified real-time size, mass and number concentrations in a nanostructure particle pilot-scale production facility, using a high-temperature gas-phase process, over a 25-day period. Temporal and spatial analysis of particle concentrations and sizes was performed during production, maintenance and handling. Number-based particle retention of breathing mask filters used under real-time production and exposure conditions in the workplace was quantified. Results: The results demonstrate elevated number concentrations during production, which can be an order of magnitude higher than background levels. Average concentrations during production were 59 100 cm–3 and 0.188 mg m–3 for submicron particles. Mask filters decreased particle number concentrations by >96%. Conclusions: This study demonstrates real-time worker exposure during gas-phase nanoparticle manufacturing. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of emission sources and concentration levels in a production plant is accomplished. These results are important for workers, employers and regulators in the nanotechnology field as they provide information on encountered exposures and possibilities for mitigation measures.
Temporal Evolution of Nanoparticle Aerosols in Workplace Exposure
Seipenbusch, M., Binder, A., Kasper, G. Fri, 07 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
The evolution in time of a nanoparticle (NP) aerosol released into a simulated workplace environment was investigated for different starting scenarios including (i) NP release into a particle-free atmosphere and (ii) release in presence of a pre-existing background aerosol. In each case, particle number distributions and total number concentrations in a 2 m3 aerosol chamber were monitored over several hours. On the time scale and under the conditions relevant for workplace exposure, collisions between NP within their own size class and, if present, with the background aerosol were identified as the most important mechanism driving the change in particle size and number concentration. A model has been formulated on the basis of well-known aerosol dynamic principles to predict the evolution of NP number concentration for a defined source and a defined environment (a given background aerosol concentration). A dimensionless number is introduced to scale the rate of NP concentration change relative to background aerosol concentration and particle size, which scales inversely with the concentration of free NP in the atmosphere. Beyond the physical change, the emergence of binary agglomerates constitutes a change in chemical composition of the aerosol. It is shown that the NPs are still chemically present in the aerosol after becoming attached to background particles, thus remaining airborne while being invisible in the size distribution.
Determining the Dustiness of Powders--A Comparison of three Measuring Devices
Bach, S., Schmidt, E. Fri, 07 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
The dustiness of 12 test powders was determined using three different measuring methods. One of the methods, the continuous drop method, is a reference test method according to the EN 15051 ‘Workplace atmospheres—Measurement of the dustiness of bulk materials—Requirements and reference test methods’. A test of equivalence between the reference test method and the other two methods, the modified Heubach Dustmeter, a rotating drum method and the Palas Dustview, a single-drop method, has been carried out as provided in Annex D of the European standard. No equivalence was found between any of the test methods. An applied best-case scenario yielded a slightly better outcome, but the results lead to the conclusion that it is impossible to generate viable values using the test of equivalence provided in the standard. This outcome was expected and is due to the different handling procedures applied—which, however, relates to the reality of the variety of material-handling procedures in the workplace.
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The relationship between chronic rhinosinusitis and occupation: The 1998, 2001, and 2005 Korea National health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES)
Dong-Hee Koh, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Soon-Sil Han Tue, 02 Dec 2008 10:54:00 -0000
We examined the relationship between chronic rhinosinusitis and occupation.We analyzed data from the 1998, 2001, and 2005 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Men and women aged 20-59 who participated in the three KNHANES were included to analyze the relationship between chronic rhinosinusitis and occupation. Trained interviewers visited subjects' homes and administered a standardized questionnaire on diagnosed diseases. Subjects were asked if they had experienced chronic rhinosinusitis during the previous year or had had rhinosinusitis for three or more consecutive months. Occupational classification followed the major groups of the Korean Standard Classification of Occupations (KSCO). We calculated the prevalence ratios (PRs) of chronic rhinosinusitis by major groups compared with clerical workers in the three KNHANES. Poisson regression with robust standard error was conducted, adjusting for age in 10-year strata.There were significantly increased PRs of chronic rhinosinusitis in plant and machinery operators and assemblers, elementary occupations, crafts and related trade workers, and the unemployed.These results support the relationship between chronic rhinosinusitis and occupational exposure at the macro level. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Musculoskeletal pain in women working in small-scale agriculture in South Africa
S. Naidoo, H. Kromhout, L. London, R.N. Naidoo, A. Burdorf Wed, 26 Nov 2008 11:23:00 -0000
Musculoskeletal pain is associated with demographic, occupational and physical factors.Our study investigated the prevalence and factors associated with musculoskeletal pain in 911 women working in small-scale agriculture in rural northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa in 2006 using a questionnaire survey.In total, 67% (n = 574) of women reported any chronic musculoskeletal pain. The 12-month prevalence of pain ranged from 63.9% to 73.3% and the prevalence of specific chronic pain lasting more than 3 months ranged from 42.8% to 48.3%. Older age, carrying heavy loads, working with hands above shoulder height, and frequently squatting and kneeling were associated with chronic musculoskeletal pain.The prevalence of pain reported in our study, was similar to other developing countries, but considerably higher than in developed countries. Ergonomic interventions including improved and adapted work techniques and tools should be considered to reduce the prevalence of pain in our study population. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Salivary cortisol and psychosocial hazards at work
Giovanni Maina, Antonio Palmas, Massimo Bovenzi, Francesca Larese Filon Thu, 20 Nov 2008 10:03:00 -0000
Experimental and clinical evidence suggest that stress can lead to ill-health through the disregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Studies to date have produced equivocal results likely due to different methodologies and failure to account for confounding factors. This investigation aimed to assess the relation between self-reported work-related stressors and salivary cortisol and to clarify the role of the potential confounders.Thirty-six call-handlers completed a self-administered job content questionnaire and collected seven daily salivary samples on two workdays and a weekend. The diurnal salivary cortisol output was expressed as cortisol awakening response (CAR), and cortisol output in the rest of the day. Salivary cortisol data were normalized by means of square root transformation. The generalized estimating equations method was used to assess the relation between job strain and cortisol levels after adjusting for gender, weekdays and adherence to the sampling schedule.Job strain significantly influenced the total amount of cortisol response to waking (high strain vs. low strain: 1.1 (0.3-2.0) nmol/L). The cortisol response to waking showed gender-specific differences [women excreting greater cortisol than men: 1.1 (0.3-1.9) nmol/L], and weekday differences [workdays vs. weekend: 1.0 (0.3-1.6) nmol/L]. Non-compliance with the sampling protocol was associated with lower salivary cortisol than in adherent subjects.Our results provide further evidence for the HPA axis involvement in the physiological response to work stress. The measure of the CAR showed to be the sensitive index to assess the physiological response to psychosocial factors. Gender, weekday, and protocol compliance were confounding factors. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Upper extremity pain and computer use among engineering graduate students: A replication study
Cammie Chaumont Menéndez, Benjamin C. Amick III, Mark Jenkins, Cyrus Caroom, Michelle Robertson, Ronald B. Harrist, Jeffrey N. Katz Mon, 17 Nov 2008 13:55:00 -0000
Recent literature identified upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms at a prevalence of >40% in college populations. The study objectives were to determine weekly computer use and the prevalence of upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms in a graduate student population, and make comparisons with previous graduate and undergraduate cohorts.One hundred sixty-six graduate students completed a survey on computing and musculoskeletal health. Associations between individual factors and symptom status, functional limitations, academic impact, medication use, and health services utilization were determined. Logistic regression analyses evaluated the association between symptom status and computing. Cross-study comparisons were made.More symptomatic participants experienced functional limitations than asymptomatic participants (74% vs. 32%, P < 0.001) and reported medication use for computing pain (34% vs. 10%, P < 0.01). More participants who experienced symptoms within an hour of computing used health services compared to those who experienced symptoms after an hour of computer use (60% vs. 12%, P < 0.01). Years of computer use (OR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.05-2.40) and number of years in school where weekly computer use was more than 10 hr (OR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.04-2.35) were associated with pain within an hour of computing. Cross-study comparisons found college populations more similar than different.The overall findings reinforced previous literature documenting the prevalence of upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms in college populations, suggesting an important population for participating in public health interventions designed to support healthy computing practices and identify risk factors important to evaluate in future cohort studies. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Injuries and fatalities to U.S. farmers and farm workers 55 years and older
John R. Myers, Larry A. Layne, Suzanne M. Marsh Mon, 17 Nov 2008 13:55:00 -0000
Previous studies have shown that older farmers and farm workers have been identified at high risk for farm fatalities, most notably involving tractor overturns. Older farmers also incur more severe non-fatal injuries.Data from two national surveillance systems are presented to describe fatal and non-fatal injuries occurring to older farmers 55+ years of age. Tractor-related fatality investigations for older farmers are examined for characteristics of the tractors not available in the injury surveillance systems.Older farmers and farm workers averaged 26,573 lost-time injuries annually in 2001 and 2004, with an injury rate of 4.5 injuries/100 workers/year compared to an overall farming injury rate of 4.8 injuries/100 workers/year. Fatality data show that older farmers accounted for over half of all farming deaths between 1992 and 2004 (3,671 of 7,064 deaths), and had a fatality rate of 45.8 deaths/100,000 workers/year compared to the overall farming fatality rate of 25.4 deaths/100,000 workers/year. Most common mechanisms of fatal injury to older farmers were "tractors" (46%), "trucks" (7%), and "animals" (5%).Although older farmers and farm workers are at lower risk of overall injury compared to their younger counterparts, injuries to farmers 55 years and older tend to be much more severe. To effectively minimize the risk faced by older farmers, prevention programs must encourage safe work behaviors and practices and the implementation/installation of appropriate safety devices and equipment. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sickness absence and workplace levels of satisfaction with psychosocial work conditions at public service workplaces
Torsten Munch-Hansen, Joanna Wieclaw, Esben Agerbo, Niels Westergaard-Nielsen, Mikael Rosenkilde, Jens Peter Bonde Mon, 17 Nov 2008 10:22:00 -0000
The objective of this study was to examine the impact of psychosocial work conditions on sickness absence while addressing methodological weaknesses in earlier studies.The participants were 13,437 employees from 698 public service workplace units in Aarhus County, Denmark. Satisfaction with psychosocial work conditions was rated on a scale from 0 (low) to 10 (high). Individual ratings were aggregated to workplace scores. Analysis of variance was used to compare the average number of days of yearly sickness absence in three groups with different levels of satisfaction with psychosocial work conditions.Sickness absence was 30.8% lower in the most satisfied group (11.7 days/year (CI 95%: 10.2; 13.1)) than in the least satisfied group (16.9 days/year (CI 95%: 15.3; 18.6)) adjusted for the covariates included.Satisfaction with psychosocial work conditions has a strong and independent impact on sickness absence. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
Persulphate challenge in female hairdressers with nasal hyperreactivity suggests immune cell, but no IgE reaction
Tue, 02 Dec 2008 07:32:27 -0000
Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to examine the effects of persulphate on the nasal mucosa and on the immune cells in hairdressers suffering from bleaching powder associated rhinitis (BAR) versus subjects with rhinitis not previously exposed to bleaching powder. Methods Fifteen hairdressers (S) with BAR, 14 without symptoms (WS) and 12 atopics (A) with rhinitis but without exposure to bleaching powder were studied. Each performed a nasal challenge with persulphates. Effect parameters were symptom score, acoustic rhinometry, albumin in nasal lavage, subpopulations of lymphocytes in blood and specific serum antibodies. Results The S group had a post-challenge increase in nasal symptoms and nasal lavage albumin. The A group reacted to a lesser intent. The S and A groups showed an increase in Th1 cells. An HLA class II cell expression was noticed in both groups of hairdressers. No evidence of a type 1 reaction (immediate type) to persulphate was noticed. Conclusions Persulphate challenge affects hairdressers with BAR, but also atopics. The reaction may be driven by a Th1 cell activation. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00420-008-0392-3Authors Kerstin Kronholm Diab, University Hospital Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 221 85 Lund SwedenLennart Truedsson, University Hospital Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology 221 85 Lund SwedenMaria Albin, University Hospital Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 221 85 Lund SwedenJørn Nielsen, University Hospital Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 221 85 Lund Sweden Journal International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthOnline ISSN 1432-1246Print ISSN 0340-0131
Comments to the paper by González-Yebra et al. (2008) “Exposure to organic solvents and cytogenetic damage in exfoliated cells of the buccal mucosa from shoe workers”
Wed, 26 Nov 2008 19:59:53 -0000
Comments to the paper by González-Yebra et al. (2008) “Exposure to organic solvents and cytogenetic damage in exfoliated cells of the buccal mucosa from shoe workers” Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Letter to the EditorDOI 10.1007/s00420-008-0388-zAuthors Armen Nersesyan, Institute of Cancer Research Vienna Austria Journal International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthOnline ISSN 1432-1246Print ISSN 0340-0131
Cytological damage of nasal epithelium associated with decreased glutathione peroxidase in residents from a heavily polluted city
Wed, 26 Nov 2008 19:59:53 -0000
Abstract Objective To evaluate the cytological damage and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) content in the nasal epithelium of residents of Southwest Metropolitan Mexico City (SWMMC) along 1 year of ozone and PM10 exposure. Method Four nasal scrapings were obtained in 20 volunteers from a control low polluted city and SWMMC permanent residents (n = 20) during 1 year. The scrapings were obtained in September and December 2004, and February and May 2005. One part of the scraping was stained by hematoxylin–eosin technique for cytological evaluation and a second part was stained by immunocytochemistry method to evaluate GPX concentration by morphometry. Results Control subjects: in total, 30% had no cytological alterations and 70% showed only mild or moderate inflammation in four nasal scrapings. All SWMMC residents showed moderate to severe inflammatory processes in some scrapings. Additionally, dysplasia was found once (in 2 cases) or more than on scraping in five cases (25%). GPX concentration in the control group remained highest in median values throughout the study. SWMMC residents with the highest median values of GPX content were found in the May and September scrapings, and the lowest median values were found in December and February when Ozone and PM10 levels are increased (P ≤ 0.05). A lower GPX content was found as the cytological damage increased (P ≤ 0.001). Conclusion Cytological evaluation of nasal epithelium and GPX immunodetection are satisfactory methods to evaluate the earliest damage produced by atmospheric pollution in heavily contaminated cities. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00420-008-0378-1Authors S. A. Hernández-Escobar, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez Pathology Department Mexico MexicoM. C. Ávila-Casado, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez Pathology Department Mexico MexicoV. Soto-Abraham, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez Pathology Department Mexico MexicoO. L. López Escudero, Instituto Latinoamericano de Comunicación Educativa Mexico MexicoM. E. Soto, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez Pathology Department Mexico MexicoM. L. Vega-Bravo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional Prol. de Carpio y Plan de Ayala Cytology Laboratory, Morphology Department 11340 Mexico MexicoT. Fortoul van der Goes, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Cellular and Tissue Biology Department, Facultad de Medicina Mexico MexicoElba Reyes-Maldonado, Instituto Politécnico Nacional Prol. de Carpio y Plan de Ayala Cytology Laboratory, Morphology Department 11340 Mexico Mexico Journal International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthOnline ISSN 1432-1246Print ISSN 0340-0131
Comparison between exhaled breath condensate analysis as a marker for cobalt and tungsten exposure and biomonitoring in workers of a hard metal alloy processing plant
Wed, 26 Nov 2008 19:59:53 -0000
Abstract Objective Cobalt (Co), Tungsten (W) and Tungsten Carbides (WC) are major constituents of hard metal alloys. Whereas little is known about potential health hazards due to tungsten carbide exposure, occupational exposure to cobalt has been shown to induce a variety of respiratory diseases. Since the concentration of a potentially hazardous substance in the target organ is the most meaningful risk indicator in occupational medicine, the detection of hard metals in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) has been proposed to be a valuable instrument. The present study examines the correlation of Co and W concentrations in EBC and urine with one another and various spirometrical and clinical parameters to scrutinize this potential. Methods A total of 62 subjects (90.3% males, age 40.6 ± 9.2 years) were recruited from a hard metal processing plant in Germany. Examinations included the airborne workplace exposure, a complete spirometry, measurements of Co and W concentrations in EBC and urine with high resolution inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR ICP-MS) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). Results Air concentrations ranged between 0.0019 mg/m³ and 0.074 mg/m³ for Co and 0.012 mg/m³ and 0.021 mg/m³ for W. Median urine concentrations and interquartile ranges of the exposed subjects ranged from 0.81 (0.0–1.46) μg/l for Co and 30.5 (14.5–57.7) μg/l for W. Median breath condensate metal concentrations and interquartile ranges ranged from 8.4 (5.0–13.9) μg/l for Co and 8.8 (4.4–18.5) μg/l for W. Urine concentrations of Co and W were closely related to the airborne workplace exposure that had been assessed by air monitoring. EBC concentrations of Co and W showed no correlations to urinary W and Co concentrations and the ambient monitoring results of the individual workplace, respectively. Cobalt EBC concentration was elevated in subjects who reported to have suffered from respiratory disease; both Co and W concentrations in EBC, however, decreased with increasing spirometrical signs of obstruction. Conclusion According to our study, urinary concentrations of Co and W seem to be more reliable indicators of current workplace exposure than EBC concentrations. As far as new methods and exposure matrices for valid concentration measurements in respiratory organs and possible hazardous effects—especially of cobalt—in the lung are concerned, the present results are less clear-cut, and further research is required. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00420-008-0390-5Authors Horst Christoph Broding, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational-, Social- and Environmental Medicine Schillerstraße 25 and 29 91054 Erlangen GermanyBernhard Michalke, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health Institute of Ecological Chemistry Ingolstädter Landstr. 1 85764 Neuherberg GermanyThomas Göen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational-, Social- and Environmental Medicine Schillerstraße 25 and 29 91054 Erlangen GermanyHans Drexler, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational-, Social- and Environmental Medicine Schillerstraße 25 and 29 91054 Erlangen Germany Journal International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthOnline ISSN 1432-1246Print ISSN 0340-0131
Reproducibility and validity of heart rate variability and respiration rate measurements in participants with prolonged fatigue complaints
Wed, 26 Nov 2008 19:59:53 -0000
Abstract Purpose (1) To evaluate reproducibility of heart rate variability (HRV) and respiration rate (RR) measurements during reclining and cycling in participants with prolonged fatigue and (2) to assess concurrent validity between HRV and RR measurements and fatigue. Methods Twenty-seven subjects reporting prolonged fatigue complaints resulting in functional impairments participated in the study. Fatigue complaints and functional impairments were assessed. Two to 4 days later, they underwent two repeated measurements of time-domain HRV (SDNN and RMSSD) and RR with 3–4 days between. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) and standard error of measurement (SEM) were calculated to define reproducibility and Pearson correlations were calculated to define concurrent validity. Results ICC means for SDNN and RMSSD during reclining and cycling ranged from 0.86 to 0.93. For RR the ICC means were 0.65 and 0.85 for reclining and cycling, respectively. The SEM values (ms) for SDNN and RMSSD ranged from 1.08 to 7.71 while the SEM values for RR were 1.82 and 1.99 for reclining and cycling, respectively. The Pearson correlations were non-significant and ranged from −0.05 to 0.15. Conclusions There was good reproducibility of HRV and RR in participants with prolonged fatigue complaints. Concurrent validity between HRV and RR measurements and fatigue was low. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00420-008-0391-4Authors Judith K. Sluiter, University of Amsterdam Academic Medical Center, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health P.O. Box 22700 1100 DE Amsterdam The NetherlandsAlida M. Guijt, University of Amsterdam Academic Medical Center, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health P.O. Box 22700 1100 DE Amsterdam The NetherlandsMonique H. Frings-Dresen, University of Amsterdam Academic Medical Center, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health P.O. Box 22700 1100 DE Amsterdam The Netherlands Journal International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthOnline ISSN 1432-1246Print ISSN 0340-0131
Determinants of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide in South Korean children
Thu, 20 Nov 2008 08:10:33 -0000
Abstract Objectives This study was conducted to investigate the dominant sources of the urinary pyrene metabolite, 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG), in South Korean children. Methods Urine samples were collected from 102 non-smoking children (aged 10–14). Urinary 1-OHPG was assayed by synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, following immuno-affinity purification using monoclonal antibody 8E11. Urinary cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, was measured by GC/MS. Information on environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, diet, fuel type for heating home, and other possible sources of PAH exposure was collected by self-administered questionnaires. Results Mean (±SE) 1-OHPG levels were 1.64 (±0.06) ng/ml (range 0.04–3.27 ng/ml). Two multiple linear regression analyses (differing in how ETS was approximated: by parental smoking or urinary cotinine) revealed a positive association between urinary 1-OHPG levels and parental smoking at home (P = 0.007), log urinary cotinine (P = 0.165), frequent grilled (shell)fish consumption (P = 0.061), and living in a commercial/other zone (P = 0.007) versus a residential or industrial zone. No consistent associations were found between 1-OHPG and the child’s sex, grilled meat consumption, or fuels used to heat the home. Conclusions These results support that ETS, frequent grilled fish consumption, and the ambient environment are important predictors of urinary 1-OHPG levels in South Korean children. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00420-008-0385-2Authors Kyoung-Ho Lee, Hanyang University Biomedical Research Group, Hanyang Brain Korea 21 Seoul Republic of KoreaRoel Vermeulen, Utrecht University Environmental and Occupational Health Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences Utrecht The NetherlandsVirissa Lenters, Utrecht University Environmental and Occupational Health Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences Utrecht The NetherlandsSoo-Hun Cho, Institute for Environmental Medicine, SNUMRC Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine 28 Yongon-Dong Chongno-Gu Seoul 110-799 Republic of KoreaPaul T. Strickland, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Department of Environmental Health Sciences Baltimore MD USADaehee Kang, Institute for Environmental Medicine, SNUMRC Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine 28 Yongon-Dong Chongno-Gu Seoul 110-799 Republic of Korea Journal International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthOnline ISSN 1432-1246Print ISSN 0340-0131
Occupational Therapy International
Retracted: Development of an education programme for caregivers of people aging with multiple sclerosis
Marcia Finlayson, Jennifer Dahl Garcia, Katharine L. Preissner Tue, 05 Feb 2008 03:48:00 -0000
The article from Occupational Therapy International, Development of an Education Program for Caregivers of People Aging with Multiple Sclerosis (DOI: 10.1002/OTI.245) by Marcia Finlayson, Jennifer Garcia and Katharine Preissner, published online on 5 February 2008 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com), has been retracted by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The retraction has been agreed due to dual publication of this article. Copyright ? 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Occupational Medicine - current issue
OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE CALENDAR
Tue, 02 Dec 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Top 10 articles to October 2008
Tue, 02 Dec 2008 00:00:00 -0000
In this issue of Occupational Medicine
Hobson, J. Tue, 02 Dec 2008 00:00:00 -0000
PubMed: 0355-3140
Sharpening the focus on occupational safety and health in nanotechnology.
Schulte P, Geraci C, Zumwalde R, Hoover M, Castranova V, Kuempel E, Murashov V, Vainio H, Savolainen K Related Articles Sharpening the focus on occupational safety and health in nanotechnology. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2008 Nov 20; Authors: Schulte P, Geraci C, Zumwalde R, Hoover M, Castranova V, Kuempel E, Murashov V, Vainio H, Savolainen K Increasing numbers of workers are involved with the production, use, distribution, and disposal of nanomaterials. At the same time, there is a growing number of reports of adverse biological effects of engineered nanoparticles in test systems. It is useful, at this juncture, to identify critical questions that will help address knowledge gaps concerning the potential occupational hazards of these materials. The questions address (i) hazard classification of engineered nanoparticles, (ii) exposure metrics, (iii) the actual exposures to the different engineered nanoparticles in the workplace, (iv) the limits of engineering controls and personal protective equipment with respect to engineered nanoparticles, (v) the kinds of surveillance programs that may be required at workplaces to protect potentially exposed workers, (vi) whether exposure registers should be established for workers potentially exposed to engineered nanoparticles, and, (vii) whether engineered nanoparticles should be treated as "new" substances and evaluated for safety and hazards? PMID: 19030766 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Long-term follow-up study of mortality and the incidence of cancer in a cohort of workers at a primary aluminum smelter in Sweden.
Björ O, Damber L, Edström C, Nilsson T Related Articles Long-term follow-up study of mortality and the incidence of cancer in a cohort of workers at a primary aluminum smelter in Sweden. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2008 Nov 20; Authors: Björ O, Damber L, Edström C, Nilsson T OBJECTIVES: Previous studies on mortality and the incidence of cancer among workers at primary aluminum smelters have produced conclusive results indicating an elevated risk of bladder cancer. An increased risk of lung cancer has also been reported several times. The objective of this study was to examine mortality and the incidence of cancer at a Swedish aluminum smelter when different neighboring reference populations were used to evaluate any relationships to the length of employment. METHODS: A historical cohort-comprised of 2264 male nonoffice workers employed from 1942 on and tracked up to the year 2000-was examined. With the use of three reference populations for mortality and four for cancer incidence, standardized mortality and incidence ratios were calculated, together with hazard ratios derived from Cox regression models. RESULTS: This study showed an excess risk of mortality due to chronic obstructive lung disease, mental disorders, and diseases of the digestive system among the short-term workers. An elevated risk of cancer was found for the lungs, central nervous system, and esophagus. The highest lung cancer risk was observed for the workers employed for >/=10 years in the factory when they were compared with the reference group from northern Sweden (standardized incidence ratio 1.99, 95% confidence ratio 1.21-3.07). CONCLUSIONS: The results support previous studies that demonstrated an excess risk of lung cancer, but, in contrast to the results of most studies, cancer of the central nervous system was also elevated. This study did not, however, verify an association between this type of exposure and cancer of the urinary organs. PMID: 19030765 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Behavior of aluminum in aluminum welders and manufacturers of aluminum sulfate-impact on biological monitoring.
Riihimäki V, Valkonen S, Engström B, Tossavainen A, Mutanen P, Aitio A Related Articles Behavior of aluminum in aluminum welders and manufacturers of aluminum sulfate-impact on biological monitoring. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2008 Nov 17; Authors: Riihimäki V, Valkonen S, Engström B, Tossavainen A, Mutanen P, Aitio A OBJECTIVES: The suitability of determining aluminum in serum or urine as a form of biological monitoring was critically assessed. METHODS: Airborne and internal aluminum exposure was assessed for 12 aluminum welders in a shipyard and 5 manufacturers of aluminum sulfate. Particles were characterized with X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Aluminum in air and biological samples was analyzed using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Basic toxicokinetic features were inferred from the data. RESULTS: The mean 8-hour time-weighted average concentration of aluminum was 1.1 (range 0.008-6.1) mg/m (3)for the shipyard and 0.13 (range 0.02-0.5) mg/m (3)for the aluminum sulfate plant. Welding fume contained aluminum oxide particles <0.1 microm in diameter and their agglomerates, whereas bauxite and aluminum sulfate particles ranged from 1 to 10 microm in diameter. The shipyard welders' mean postshift serum and urinary concentrations of aluminum (S-Al and U-Al, respectively) were 0.22 and 3.4 micromol/l, respectively, and the aluminum sulfate workers' corresponding values were 0.13 and 0.58 micromol/l. Between two shifts, the welders' S-Al concentration decreased by about 50% (P<0.01), but their U-Al concentration did not change (P=0.64). No corresponding temporal changes occurred among the aluminum sulfate workers. After aluminum welding at the shipyard had ceased, the median S-Al concentration decreased by about 50% (P=0.007) within a year, but there was no change (P=0.75) in the corresponding U-Al concentration. CONCLUSIONS: About 1% of aluminum in welding fume appears to be rapidly absorbed from the lungs, whereas an undetermined fraction is retained and forms a lung burden. A higher fractional absorption of aluminum seems possible for aluminum sulfate workers without evidence of a lung burden. After rapid absorption, aluminum is slowly mobilized from the lung burden and dominates the S-Al and U-Al concentrations of aluminum welders. For kinetic reasons, S-Al or U-Al concentrations cannot be used to estimate the accumulation of aluminum in the target organs of toxicity. However, using U-Al analysis to monitor aluminum welders' lung burden seems practical. PMID: 19030764 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Annals of Occupational Hygiene - current issue
Canada, Chrysotile, and the Search for Truth
Ogden, T. Fri, 07 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Characterization and Kinetics Study of Off-Gas Emissions from Stored Wood Pellets
Kuang, X., Shankar, T. J., Bi, X. T., Sokhansanj, S., Jim Lim, C., Melin, S. Fri, 07 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
The full potential health impact from the emissions of biomass fuels, including wood pellets, during storage and transportation has not been documented in the open literature. The purpose of this study is to provide data on the concentration of CO2, CO and CH4 from wood pellets stored in sealed vessels and to develop a kinetic model for predicting the transient emission rate factors at different storage temperatures. Five 45-l metal containers (305 mm diameter by 610 mm long) equipped with heating and temperature control devices were used to study the temperature effect on the off-gas emissions from wood pellets. Concurrently, ten 2-l aluminum canisters (100 mm diameter by 250 mm long) were used to study the off-gas emissions from different types of biomass materials. Concentrations of CO2, CO and CH4 were measured by a gas chromatograph as a function of storage time and storage temperature. The results showed that the concentrations of CO, CO2 and CH4 in the sealed space of the reactor increased over time, fast at the beginning but leveling off after a few days. A first-order reaction kinetics fitted the data well. The maximum concentration and the time it takes for the buildup of gas concentrations can be predicted using kinetic equations
Variability and Determinants of Wood Dust and Resin Acid Exposure during Wood Pellet Production: Measurement Strategies and Bias in Assessing Exposure-Response Relationships
Hagstrom, K., Lundholm, C., Eriksson, K., Liljelind, I. Fri, 07 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Production of wood pellets is a relatively new and expanding industry in which the exposure profiles differ from those in other wood-processing industries like carpentries and sawmills where there are lower levels of wood dust. Sixty-eight personal exposure measurements of wood dust (inhalable and total dust) and resin acids were collected for 44 participants at four production plants located in Sweden. Results were used to estimate within- and between-worker variability and to identify uniformly exposed groups and determinants of exposure. In addition, overexposure, whether the risk of the long-term mean exposure of a randomly selected worker exceeding the occupational exposure limit is acceptably low, was calculated as well as the underestimation of the exposure–response relationship (attenuation). Greater variability in exposure between work shifts than between workers was observed with the within-worker variation accounting for 57–99% of the total variance in the individual-based model. Several uniformly exposed groups were detected but were mostly associated with a between-worker variation of zero which is an underestimation of the between-worker variation but an indication of uniformly exposed groups. Cleaning was identified as a work task that increases exposure slightly; so reducing workers' exposure during this operation is advisable. The levels of wood dust were high and were found to pose unacceptable risks of overexposure at all plants for inhalable dust and at three out of four plants for total dust. These findings show that exposure to dust needs to be reduced in this industry. For resin acids, the exposure was classed as acceptable at all plants. According to an individual-based model constructed from the data, the level of attenuation was high, and thus there would be substantial bias in derived dose–response relationships.
Exposure to Manufactured Nanostructured Particles in an Industrial Pilot Plant
Demou, E., Peter, P., Hellweg, S. Fri, 07 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Objectives: Nanomaterial production and the number of people directly in contact with these materials are increasing. Yet, little is known on the association between exposure and corresponding risks, such as pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress. Methods: Condensation Particle Counters, a DustTrakTM and Scanning Mobility Particle SizerTM quantified real-time size, mass and number concentrations in a nanostructure particle pilot-scale production facility, using a high-temperature gas-phase process, over a 25-day period. Temporal and spatial analysis of particle concentrations and sizes was performed during production, maintenance and handling. Number-based particle retention of breathing mask filters used under real-time production and exposure conditions in the workplace was quantified. Results: The results demonstrate elevated number concentrations during production, which can be an order of magnitude higher than background levels. Average concentrations during production were 59 100 cm–3 and 0.188 mg m–3 for submicron particles. Mask filters decreased particle number concentrations by >96%. Conclusions: This study demonstrates real-time worker exposure during gas-phase nanoparticle manufacturing. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of emission sources and concentration levels in a production plant is accomplished. These results are important for workers, employers and regulators in the nanotechnology field as they provide information on encountered exposures and possibilities for mitigation measures.
Temporal Evolution of Nanoparticle Aerosols in Workplace Exposure
Seipenbusch, M., Binder, A., Kasper, G. Fri, 07 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
The evolution in time of a nanoparticle (NP) aerosol released into a simulated workplace environment was investigated for different starting scenarios including (i) NP release into a particle-free atmosphere and (ii) release in presence of a pre-existing background aerosol. In each case, particle number distributions and total number concentrations in a 2 m3 aerosol chamber were monitored over several hours. On the time scale and under the conditions relevant for workplace exposure, collisions between NP within their own size class and, if present, with the background aerosol were identified as the most important mechanism driving the change in particle size and number concentration. A model has been formulated on the basis of well-known aerosol dynamic principles to predict the evolution of NP number concentration for a defined source and a defined environment (a given background aerosol concentration). A dimensionless number is introduced to scale the rate of NP concentration change relative to background aerosol concentration and particle size, which scales inversely with the concentration of free NP in the atmosphere. Beyond the physical change, the emergence of binary agglomerates constitutes a change in chemical composition of the aerosol. It is shown that the NPs are still chemically present in the aerosol after becoming attached to background particles, thus remaining airborne while being invisible in the size distribution.
Determining the Dustiness of Powders--A Comparison of three Measuring Devices
Bach, S., Schmidt, E. Fri, 07 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
The dustiness of 12 test powders was determined using three different measuring methods. One of the methods, the continuous drop method, is a reference test method according to the EN 15051 ‘Workplace atmospheres—Measurement of the dustiness of bulk materials—Requirements and reference test methods’. A test of equivalence between the reference test method and the other two methods, the modified Heubach Dustmeter, a rotating drum method and the Palas Dustview, a single-drop method, has been carried out as provided in Annex D of the European standard. No equivalence was found between any of the test methods. An applied best-case scenario yielded a slightly better outcome, but the results lead to the conclusion that it is impossible to generate viable values using the test of equivalence provided in the standard. This outcome was expected and is due to the different handling procedures applied—which, however, relates to the reality of the variety of material-handling procedures in the workplace.
Sites:
Barry University: Barry University, Miami Shores, FloridaBrenau University Occupational Therapy Department: Based in Georgia, USA. Offers a combined undergraduate/graduate degree (BS/MS) in occupational therapy, a post-professional master's (M.S.) and an advanced certificate program for practicing professionals.
Canterbury Christ Church University College Department of Occupational Therapy: This is the Introduction page in the Department of Allied Health Professions site at Canterbury Christ Church University.
Columbia University USA: MS degrees in Occupational Therapy
Creighton University: Creighton was the first institution to award the Doctor of Occupational Therapy (OTD) degree for its Occupational Therapy School. The OT school prepares graduates to fulfill all traditional duties of occupational therapists and become transformative leaders of the profession.
Curtin School of Occupational Therapy: Curtin University's School of Occupational Therapy
Department of Occupational Therapy Studies, St Martin's College, Lancaster, UK: Offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses
Florida International University: Department of Occupational Therapy offers B.S and two Masters paths. Miami, Florida.
Medical College of Georgia: Medical College of Georgia Occupational Therapy - Home Page
Newman University: Course details, student handbook and information on applying (Wichita, Kansas, USA).
Nova Southeastern University: Preparing independent, creative occupational therapists and leaders in the profession, to meet the demands of practice in a changing world, through excellence in Masters level and distance Doctoral occupational therapy education.
Occupational Therapy program at Ithaca College in NYS: Occupational Therapy program offering a combined bachelors/masters degree. Includes contact details and course requirements.
Penn State University's OT/OTA Programs: Offers an associate of science degree in occupational therapy assistant (OTA) and bachelor of science degree is occupational therapy (OT).
Queen Margaret University College Occupational Therapy Dept.: Study at Queen Margaret University College. Information for prospective students and visitors on courses, faculties and departments, edinburgh and scotland.
San Jose State University: Occupational Therapy Program offers B.S and M.S degrees. San Jose, California.
St Loye's School of Health Studies: Offers undergraduate, postgraduate and distance learning courses, Exeter, UK
Temple University, Philadelphia, USA: Offers graduate and postgraduate training in occupational therapy
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Department of Rehabilitation Sciences: The sole provider of occupational therapy undergraduate and postgraduate education in China.
The Robert Gordon University Occupational Therapy Dept.: The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen.
Trinity College of Dublin - Occupational Therapy: Undergraduate and postgraduate courses. Dublin, Ireland.
University Of Brighton School of Healthcare Professions: Health professions courses and research at the University of Brighton
University of Illinois, Chicago, USA.: Offers undergraduate and postgraduate training.
University of Indianapolis: Offers professional and post-professional master of science degrees; special freshman and 3-2 admission programs. Indianapolis, Indiana
University of Liverpool - Occupational Therapy Division: The University of Liverpool is an internationally renowned seat of learning and research in the United Kingdom
University of Pittsburgh Occupational Therapy Dept.: The SHRS Department of Occupational Therapy provides cutting-edge information about hand therapy, infant and adult neurodevelopmental treatment, disability analysis and all other areas of occupational therapy.
University of South Dakota Department of Occupational Therapy: Entry-level master's degree OT program in South Dakota, emphasizing multi-cultural, rural, and multiple-service delivery practice.
University of Southampton: Home page of the School of Health Professions and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Southampton.
University of Wales College of Medicine: Undergraduate and postgraduate courses.
Washington University: Occupational Therapy Program offers an entry-level Master of Science degree. St. Louis, Missouri.
This directory is based on the Open Directory and may have been modified