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Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research - Latest articles
Evaluation of Deformity and Hand Function in Cerebral Palsy Patients
Karlen Ka Pui Law, Ellen Y. Lee, Boris Kwok Keung Fung, Lam Shuk Yan, Paata Gudushauri, Kwan Wing Wang, Josephine Wing Yuk Ip and Shew Ping Chow Tue, 23 Dec 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Background: A cross-sectional study was performed to describe the upper limb deformity and function in cerebral palsy patients and to determine the correlation of deformity, spasticity, motor control, and sensation to hand function in the said population. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients satisfying our inclusion criteria underwent physical, sensory, and functional assessment using a standard protocol. Physical assessment included documentation of the degree of spasticity, deformity and muscle control. Sensation was tested using static two-point discrimination test and stereognosis test. Melbourne Assessment of the Unilateral Upper Limb Function Test (MAULF), Functional Hand Grip Test (FHGT), and Functional Independence Measure for children (WeeFIM) were used to evaluate hand function. Deformity, spasticity, motor control, and sensation were analyzed for correlation with hand function using Pearson Correlation analysis. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Functional deficits of the hand increased with increasing severity of deformity and spasticity. Tetraplegics were most affected by spasticity, deformity, poor motor control, sensory and functional deficits. Triplegics, followed by diplegics, had more functional upper limbs in terms of the MAULF and FHGT scores. Unilaterally affected patients (triplegics and hemiplegics) scored better in performance of activities of daily living. The MAULF and FHGT had a stronger correlation to deformity, spasticity and motor control compared to the WeeFIM. Conclusion: The degree of deformity, spasticity, sensory deficit, and motor control affected the hand function of a cerebral palsy patient significantly. The MAULF and FHGT more accurately represented hand function deficit in cerebral palsy patients.
Effect of combined treatment with alendronate and calcitriol on femoral neck strength in osteopenic rats
Yoshinari Nakamura, Masatoshi Naito, Kazuo Hayashi, Abbas Fotovati and Samah Abu-Ali Wed, 17 Dec 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Background: Hip fracture is associated with pronounced morbidity and excess mortality in elderly women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Many drugs have been developed to treat osteoporosis and to reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures. We investigated the effects of combined alendronate and vitamin D3 treatment on bone mass and fracture load at the femoral neck in ovariectomized (OVX) rats, and evaluated the relationship between bone mass parameters and femoral neck strength. Methods: Thirty 12-week-old female rats underwent either a sham-operation (n = 6) or OVX (n = 24). Twenty weeks later, OVX rats were further divided into four groups and received daily doses of either saline alone, 0.1 mg/kg alendronate, 0.1 ug/kg calcitriol, or a combination of both two drugs by continuous infusion via Alzet mini-osmotic pumps. The sham-control group received saline alone. After 12 weeks of treatment, femoral necks were examined using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) densitometry and mechanical testing. Results: Saline-treated OVX rats showed significant decreases in total bone mineral content (BMC) (by 28.1%), total bone mineral density (BMD) (by 9.5%), cortical BMC (by 26.3%), cancellous BMC (by 66.3%), cancellous BMD (by 29.0%) and total cross-sectional bone area (by 30.4%) compared with the sham-control group. The combined alendronate and calcitriol treatments improved bone loss owing to estrogen deficiency. On mechanical testing, although OVX significantly reduced bone strength of the femoral neck (by 29.3%) compared with the sham-control group, only the combined treatment significantly improved the fracture load at the femoral neck in OVX rats to the level of the sham-controls. The correlation of total BMC to fracture load was significant, but that of total BMD was not. Conclusions: Our results showed that the combined treatment with alendronate and calcitriol significantly improved bone fragility of the femoral neck in OVX osteopenic rats.
Modular endoprosthetic replacement for metastatic tumours of the proximal femur
Coonoor R Chandrasekar, Robert J Grimer, Simon R Carter, Roger M Tillman and Adesegun T Abudu Tue, 04 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Background: AND AIMS Endoprosthetic replacements of the proximal femur are commonly required to treat destructive metastases with either impending or actual pathological fractures at this site. Modular prostheses are available off the shelf and can be adapted to most reconstructive problems of the proximal femur. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical and functional outcomes following modular tumour prosthesis reconstruction of the proximal femur in 100 consecutive patients with metastatic tumours and to compare them with the published results of patients with modular and custom made endoprosthetic replacements MethodS One hundred consecutive patients who underwent modular tumour prosthetic reconstruction of the proximal femur for metastases using the METS system from 2001 to 2007 were studied. The patient, tumour and treatment factors in relation to overall survival, local control, implant survival and complications were analysed. Functional scores were obtained from surviving patients. Results: There were 45 male and 55 female patients. The mean age was 60.2 years (range 30-84). Seventy five patients presented with pathological fracture or with failed fixation and 25 patients were at a high risk of developing fracture. The mean follow up was 15.9 months [range 0-77]. Three patients died within two weeks following surgery. Sixtynine patients have died and 31 are alive. Of the 69 patients who were dead 68 did not need revision surgery indicating that the implant provided single definitive treatment which outlived the patient. There were three dislocations (2/5 with THR and 1/95 with unipolar femoral heads). Local recurrence arose in four patients. Six patients had a deep infection. One patient had a hip disarticulation for infection. The limb salvage rate was 99%. Three patients required revision surgery. The estimated five year implant survival (Kaplan- Meier analysis) was 83.1% with revision as end point. The mean TESS score was 64% (54% -82%). Conclusion: We conclude that METS modular tumour prosthesis for proximal femur provides versatility, low implant related complications and acceptable function lasting the lifetime of the patients with metastatic tumours of the proximal femur.
Cadaveric and three-dimensional computed tomography study of the morphology of the scapula with reference to reversed shoulder prosthesis
Carlos Torrens, Monica Corrales, Gemma Gonzalez, Alberto Solano and Enrique Cáceres Fri, 10 Oct 2008 00:00:00 -0000
PurposeThe purpose of this study is to analyze the morphology of the scapula with reference to the glenoid component implantation in reversed shoulder prosthesis, in order to improve primary fixation of the component. Methods: Seventy-three 3-dimensional computed tomography of the scapula and 108 scapular dry specimens were analyzed to determine the anterior and posterior length of the glenoid neck, the angle between the glenoid surface and the upper posterior column of the scapula and the angle between the major craneo-caudal glenoid axis and the base of the coracoid process and the upper posterior column. Results: The anterior and posterior length of glenoid neck was classified into two groups named "short-neck" and "long-neck" with significant differences between them. The angle between the glenoid surface and the upper posterior column of the scapula was also classified into two different types: type I (mean 50°–52°) and type II (mean 62,50°–64°), with significant differences between them (p < 0,001). The angle between the major craneo-caudal glenoid axis and the base of the coracoid process averaged 18,25° while the angle with the upper posterior column of the scapula averaged 8°. Conclusion: Scapular morphological variability advices for individual adjustments of glenoid component implantation in reversed total shoulder prosthesis. Three-dimensional computed tomography of the scapula constitutes an important tool when planning reversed prostheses implantation.
Fourier-transform infrared anisotropy in cross and parallel sections of tendon and articular cartilage
Nagarajan Ramakrishnan, Yang Xia and Aruna Bidthanapally Mon, 06 Oct 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Background: Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging (FTIRI) is used to investigate the amide anisotropies at different surfaces of a three-dimensional cartilage or tendon block. With the change in the polarization state of the incident infrared light, the resulting anisotropic behavior of the tissue structure is described here. Methods: Thin sections (6 μm thick) were obtained from three different surfaces of the canine tissue blocks and imaged at 6.25 μm pixel resolution. For each section, infrared imaging experiments were repeated thirteen times with the identical parameters except a 15° increment of the analyzer's angle in the 0° – 180° angular space. The anisotropies of amide I and amide II components were studied in order to probe the orientation of the collagen fibrils at different tissue surfaces. Results: For tendon, the anisotropy of amide I and amide II components in parallel sections is comparable to that of regular sections; and tendon's cross sections show distinct, but weak anisotropic behavior for both the amide components. For articular cartilage, parallel sections in the superficial zone have the expected infrared anisotropy that is consistent with that of regular sections. The parallel sections in the radial zone, however, have a nearly isotropic amide II absorption and a distinct amide I anisotropy. Conclusion: From the inconsistency in amide anisotropy between superficial to radial zone in parallel section results, a schematic model is used to explain the origins of these amide anisotropies in cartilage and tendon.
Pre-surgical radiologic identification of peri-prosthetic osteolytic lesions around TKRs: a pre-clinical investigation of diagnostic accuracy
Timothy P Kurmis, Andrew P Kurmis, David G Campbell and John P Slavotinek Fri, 03 Oct 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Background: Emerging longitudinal data appear to demonstrate an alarming trend towards an increasing prevalence of osteolysis-induced mechanical failure, following total knee replacement (TKR). Even with high-quality multi-plane X-rays, accurate pre-surgical evaluation of osteolytic lesions is often difficult. This is likely to have an impact on surgical management and provides reasonable indication for the development of a model allowing more reliable lesion assessment. The aim of this study, using a simulated cadaver model, was to explore the accuracy of rapid spiral computed tomography (CT) examination in the non-invasive evaluation of peri-prosthetic osteolytic lesions, secondary to TKR, and to compare this to conventional X-ray standards. Methods: A series of nine volume-occupying defects, simulating osteolytic lesions, were introduced into three human cadaveric knees, adjacent to the TKR implant components. With implants in situ, each knee was imaged using a two-stage conventional plain X-ray series and rapid-acquisition spiral CT. A beam-hardening artefact removal algorithm was employed to improve CT image quality.After random image sorting, 12 radiologists were independently shown the series of plain X-ray images and asked to note the presence, anatomic location and 'size' of osteolytic lesions observed. The same process was repeated separately for review of the CT images. The corresponding X-ray and CT responses were directly compared to elicit any difference in the ability to demonstrate the presence and size of osteolytic lesions. Results: Access to CT images significantly improved the accuracy of recognition of peri-prosthetic osteolytic lesions when compared to AP and lateral projections alone (P = 0.008) and with the addition of bi-planar oblique X-rays (P = 0.03). No advantage was obtained in accuracy of identification of such lesions through the introduction of the oblique images when compared with the AP and lateral projections alone (P = 0.13) Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that peri-prosthetic osteolytic lesions can be reliably described non-invasively using a simple, rapid-acquisition CT-based imaging approach. The low sensitivity of conventional X-ray, even with provision of supplementary bi-planar 45° oblique views, suggests a limited role for use in situ for TKR implant screening where peri-prosthetic osteolytic lesions are clinically suspected. In contrast, the accuracy of CT evaluation, linked to its procedural ease and widespread availability, may provide a more accurate way of evaluating osteolysis around TKRs, at routine orthopaedic follow up. These findings have direct clinical relevance, as accurate early recognition and classification of such lesions influences the timing and aggressiveness of surgical and non-operative management strategies, and also the nature and appropriateness of planned implant revision or joint-salvaging osteotomy procedures.
Techniques in Orthopaedics - Current Table Of Contents
Introduction.
Page: 141DOI: 10.1097/BTO.0b013e31818d33dcAuthors: Hargrett, Michael A.
New Concepts in Dislocations of the Elbow.
Page: 142DOI: 10.1097/BTO.0b013e31802d7531Authors: Mudgal, Chaitanya S. M.D., M.S.(orth.), M.CH(orth.); Jupiter, Jesse B. M.D.
Mini-Open Surgical Management of Tennis Elbow Pathology.
Page: 158DOI: 10.1097/BTO.0b013e31802d7e22Authors: St. Pierre, Patrick M.D.; Nirschl, Robert P. M.D., M.S.
Basics of Elbow Arthroscopy: Setup, Portals, and Technique.
Page: 168DOI: 10.1097/BTO.0b013e31802d83efAuthors: Plancher, Kevin D. M.D., M.S. +++; Bishai, Shariff K. D.O., M.S. *++
Rehabilitation After Patellar Tendon Autograft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.
Page: 179DOI: 10.1097/01.bto.0000190445.31887.bcAuthors: McCarty, L Pearce III M.D. *; Bach, Bernard R. Jr M.D. +
Anatomic Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.
Page: 192DOI: 10.1097/01.bto.0000190444.48441.bfAuthors: Lattermann, Christian M.D.; Zelle, Boris A. M.D.; Ferretti, Mario M.D.; Chhabra, Anikar M.D., M.S.; Fu, Freddie H. M.D., D.Sc. (Hon), D.Ps. (Hon)
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Evaluation of Deformity and Hand Function in Cerebral Palsy Patients
Karlen Ka Pui Law, Ellen Y. Lee, Boris Kwok Keung Fung, Lam Shuk Yan, Paata Gudushauri, Kwan Wing Wang, Josephine Wing Yuk Ip and Shew Ping Chow Tue, 23 Dec 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Background: A cross-sectional study was performed to describe the upper limb deformity and function in cerebral palsy patients and to determine the correlation of deformity, spasticity, motor control, and sensation to hand function in the said population. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients satisfying our inclusion criteria underwent physical, sensory, and functional assessment using a standard protocol. Physical assessment included documentation of the degree of spasticity, deformity and muscle control. Sensation was tested using static two-point discrimination test and stereognosis test. Melbourne Assessment of the Unilateral Upper Limb Function Test (MAULF), Functional Hand Grip Test (FHGT), and Functional Independence Measure for children (WeeFIM) were used to evaluate hand function. Deformity, spasticity, motor control, and sensation were analyzed for correlation with hand function using Pearson Correlation analysis. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Functional deficits of the hand increased with increasing severity of deformity and spasticity. Tetraplegics were most affected by spasticity, deformity, poor motor control, sensory and functional deficits. Triplegics, followed by diplegics, had more functional upper limbs in terms of the MAULF and FHGT scores. Unilaterally affected patients (triplegics and hemiplegics) scored better in performance of activities of daily living. The MAULF and FHGT had a stronger correlation to deformity, spasticity and motor control compared to the WeeFIM. Conclusion: The degree of deformity, spasticity, sensory deficit, and motor control affected the hand function of a cerebral palsy patient significantly. The MAULF and FHGT more accurately represented hand function deficit in cerebral palsy patients.
Effect of combined treatment with alendronate and calcitriol on femoral neck strength in osteopenic rats
Yoshinari Nakamura, Masatoshi Naito, Kazuo Hayashi, Abbas Fotovati and Samah Abu-Ali Wed, 17 Dec 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Background: Hip fracture is associated with pronounced morbidity and excess mortality in elderly women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Many drugs have been developed to treat osteoporosis and to reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures. We investigated the effects of combined alendronate and vitamin D3 treatment on bone mass and fracture load at the femoral neck in ovariectomized (OVX) rats, and evaluated the relationship between bone mass parameters and femoral neck strength. Methods: Thirty 12-week-old female rats underwent either a sham-operation (n = 6) or OVX (n = 24). Twenty weeks later, OVX rats were further divided into four groups and received daily doses of either saline alone, 0.1 mg/kg alendronate, 0.1 ug/kg calcitriol, or a combination of both two drugs by continuous infusion via Alzet mini-osmotic pumps. The sham-control group received saline alone. After 12 weeks of treatment, femoral necks were examined using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) densitometry and mechanical testing. Results: Saline-treated OVX rats showed significant decreases in total bone mineral content (BMC) (by 28.1%), total bone mineral density (BMD) (by 9.5%), cortical BMC (by 26.3%), cancellous BMC (by 66.3%), cancellous BMD (by 29.0%) and total cross-sectional bone area (by 30.4%) compared with the sham-control group. The combined alendronate and calcitriol treatments improved bone loss owing to estrogen deficiency. On mechanical testing, although OVX significantly reduced bone strength of the femoral neck (by 29.3%) compared with the sham-control group, only the combined treatment significantly improved the fracture load at the femoral neck in OVX rats to the level of the sham-controls. The correlation of total BMC to fracture load was significant, but that of total BMD was not. Conclusions: Our results showed that the combined treatment with alendronate and calcitriol significantly improved bone fragility of the femoral neck in OVX osteopenic rats.
Modular endoprosthetic replacement for metastatic tumours of the proximal femur
Coonoor R Chandrasekar, Robert J Grimer, Simon R Carter, Roger M Tillman and Adesegun T Abudu Tue, 04 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Background: AND AIMS Endoprosthetic replacements of the proximal femur are commonly required to treat destructive metastases with either impending or actual pathological fractures at this site. Modular prostheses are available off the shelf and can be adapted to most reconstructive problems of the proximal femur. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical and functional outcomes following modular tumour prosthesis reconstruction of the proximal femur in 100 consecutive patients with metastatic tumours and to compare them with the published results of patients with modular and custom made endoprosthetic replacements MethodS One hundred consecutive patients who underwent modular tumour prosthetic reconstruction of the proximal femur for metastases using the METS system from 2001 to 2007 were studied. The patient, tumour and treatment factors in relation to overall survival, local control, implant survival and complications were analysed. Functional scores were obtained from surviving patients. Results: There were 45 male and 55 female patients. The mean age was 60.2 years (range 30-84). Seventy five patients presented with pathological fracture or with failed fixation and 25 patients were at a high risk of developing fracture. The mean follow up was 15.9 months [range 0-77]. Three patients died within two weeks following surgery. Sixtynine patients have died and 31 are alive. Of the 69 patients who were dead 68 did not need revision surgery indicating that the implant provided single definitive treatment which outlived the patient. There were three dislocations (2/5 with THR and 1/95 with unipolar femoral heads). Local recurrence arose in four patients. Six patients had a deep infection. One patient had a hip disarticulation for infection. The limb salvage rate was 99%. Three patients required revision surgery. The estimated five year implant survival (Kaplan- Meier analysis) was 83.1% with revision as end point. The mean TESS score was 64% (54% -82%). Conclusion: We conclude that METS modular tumour prosthesis for proximal femur provides versatility, low implant related complications and acceptable function lasting the lifetime of the patients with metastatic tumours of the proximal femur.
Cadaveric and three-dimensional computed tomography study of the morphology of the scapula with reference to reversed shoulder prosthesis
Carlos Torrens, Monica Corrales, Gemma Gonzalez, Alberto Solano and Enrique Cáceres Fri, 10 Oct 2008 00:00:00 -0000
PurposeThe purpose of this study is to analyze the morphology of the scapula with reference to the glenoid component implantation in reversed shoulder prosthesis, in order to improve primary fixation of the component. Methods: Seventy-three 3-dimensional computed tomography of the scapula and 108 scapular dry specimens were analyzed to determine the anterior and posterior length of the glenoid neck, the angle between the glenoid surface and the upper posterior column of the scapula and the angle between the major craneo-caudal glenoid axis and the base of the coracoid process and the upper posterior column. Results: The anterior and posterior length of glenoid neck was classified into two groups named "short-neck" and "long-neck" with significant differences between them. The angle between the glenoid surface and the upper posterior column of the scapula was also classified into two different types: type I (mean 50°–52°) and type II (mean 62,50°–64°), with significant differences between them (p < 0,001). The angle between the major craneo-caudal glenoid axis and the base of the coracoid process averaged 18,25° while the angle with the upper posterior column of the scapula averaged 8°. Conclusion: Scapular morphological variability advices for individual adjustments of glenoid component implantation in reversed total shoulder prosthesis. Three-dimensional computed tomography of the scapula constitutes an important tool when planning reversed prostheses implantation.
Fourier-transform infrared anisotropy in cross and parallel sections of tendon and articular cartilage
Nagarajan Ramakrishnan, Yang Xia and Aruna Bidthanapally Mon, 06 Oct 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Background: Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging (FTIRI) is used to investigate the amide anisotropies at different surfaces of a three-dimensional cartilage or tendon block. With the change in the polarization state of the incident infrared light, the resulting anisotropic behavior of the tissue structure is described here. Methods: Thin sections (6 μm thick) were obtained from three different surfaces of the canine tissue blocks and imaged at 6.25 μm pixel resolution. For each section, infrared imaging experiments were repeated thirteen times with the identical parameters except a 15° increment of the analyzer's angle in the 0° – 180° angular space. The anisotropies of amide I and amide II components were studied in order to probe the orientation of the collagen fibrils at different tissue surfaces. Results: For tendon, the anisotropy of amide I and amide II components in parallel sections is comparable to that of regular sections; and tendon's cross sections show distinct, but weak anisotropic behavior for both the amide components. For articular cartilage, parallel sections in the superficial zone have the expected infrared anisotropy that is consistent with that of regular sections. The parallel sections in the radial zone, however, have a nearly isotropic amide II absorption and a distinct amide I anisotropy. Conclusion: From the inconsistency in amide anisotropy between superficial to radial zone in parallel section results, a schematic model is used to explain the origins of these amide anisotropies in cartilage and tendon.
Pre-surgical radiologic identification of peri-prosthetic osteolytic lesions around TKRs: a pre-clinical investigation of diagnostic accuracy
Timothy P Kurmis, Andrew P Kurmis, David G Campbell and John P Slavotinek Fri, 03 Oct 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Background: Emerging longitudinal data appear to demonstrate an alarming trend towards an increasing prevalence of osteolysis-induced mechanical failure, following total knee replacement (TKR). Even with high-quality multi-plane X-rays, accurate pre-surgical evaluation of osteolytic lesions is often difficult. This is likely to have an impact on surgical management and provides reasonable indication for the development of a model allowing more reliable lesion assessment. The aim of this study, using a simulated cadaver model, was to explore the accuracy of rapid spiral computed tomography (CT) examination in the non-invasive evaluation of peri-prosthetic osteolytic lesions, secondary to TKR, and to compare this to conventional X-ray standards. Methods: A series of nine volume-occupying defects, simulating osteolytic lesions, were introduced into three human cadaveric knees, adjacent to the TKR implant components. With implants in situ, each knee was imaged using a two-stage conventional plain X-ray series and rapid-acquisition spiral CT. A beam-hardening artefact removal algorithm was employed to improve CT image quality.After random image sorting, 12 radiologists were independently shown the series of plain X-ray images and asked to note the presence, anatomic location and 'size' of osteolytic lesions observed. The same process was repeated separately for review of the CT images. The corresponding X-ray and CT responses were directly compared to elicit any difference in the ability to demonstrate the presence and size of osteolytic lesions. Results: Access to CT images significantly improved the accuracy of recognition of peri-prosthetic osteolytic lesions when compared to AP and lateral projections alone (P = 0.008) and with the addition of bi-planar oblique X-rays (P = 0.03). No advantage was obtained in accuracy of identification of such lesions through the introduction of the oblique images when compared with the AP and lateral projections alone (P = 0.13) Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that peri-prosthetic osteolytic lesions can be reliably described non-invasively using a simple, rapid-acquisition CT-based imaging approach. The low sensitivity of conventional X-ray, even with provision of supplementary bi-planar 45° oblique views, suggests a limited role for use in situ for TKR implant screening where peri-prosthetic osteolytic lesions are clinically suspected. In contrast, the accuracy of CT evaluation, linked to its procedural ease and widespread availability, may provide a more accurate way of evaluating osteolysis around TKRs, at routine orthopaedic follow up. These findings have direct clinical relevance, as accurate early recognition and classification of such lesions influences the timing and aggressiveness of surgical and non-operative management strategies, and also the nature and appropriateness of planned implant revision or joint-salvaging osteotomy procedures.
Techniques in Orthopaedics - Current Table Of Contents
Introduction.
Page: 141DOI: 10.1097/BTO.0b013e31818d33dcAuthors: Hargrett, Michael A.
New Concepts in Dislocations of the Elbow.
Page: 142DOI: 10.1097/BTO.0b013e31802d7531Authors: Mudgal, Chaitanya S. M.D., M.S.(orth.), M.CH(orth.); Jupiter, Jesse B. M.D.
Mini-Open Surgical Management of Tennis Elbow Pathology.
Page: 158DOI: 10.1097/BTO.0b013e31802d7e22Authors: St. Pierre, Patrick M.D.; Nirschl, Robert P. M.D., M.S.
Basics of Elbow Arthroscopy: Setup, Portals, and Technique.
Page: 168DOI: 10.1097/BTO.0b013e31802d83efAuthors: Plancher, Kevin D. M.D., M.S. +++; Bishai, Shariff K. D.O., M.S. *++
Rehabilitation After Patellar Tendon Autograft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.
Page: 179DOI: 10.1097/01.bto.0000190445.31887.bcAuthors: McCarty, L Pearce III M.D. *; Bach, Bernard R. Jr M.D. +
Anatomic Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.
Page: 192DOI: 10.1097/01.bto.0000190444.48441.bfAuthors: Lattermann, Christian M.D.; Zelle, Boris A. M.D.; Ferretti, Mario M.D.; Chhabra, Anikar M.D., M.S.; Fu, Freddie H. M.D., D.Sc. (Hon), D.Ps. (Hon)
Sites:
Academic Association of Orthopaedic Administrators: The AAOA provides a forum for the exchange of ideas among those engaged in Orthopedic surgery administration.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons: Home site for the AAOS. About the journal, patient information, members services, library and archives.
American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons: A membership based association for Orthopedic surgeons and professionals in the Orthopedic field.
American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society: American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society
AO North America: Health Care and Medical Education: The AONA is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the advancement for patient care, in orthopaedic, maxillofacial, spine and veterinary surgery
British Orthopaedic Association: The British Orthopaedic Association (BOA) is the professional association for orthopaedic and trauma surgeons in the United Kingdom and those abroad who have had orthopaedic training in the United Kingdom.
Female Orthopaedic Surgeons in Sweden - BGOS: A network providing professional and social activities, conferences and seminars for its members. [English and Swedish]
Iranian Orthopaedic Association: Dedicated to surgeons who worked in extraordinary conditions. Includes news, members, publications, and contacts.
Israel Orthopaedic (Orthopedic) Association: Information about the Association and orthopedic surgery in Israel.
National Association of Orthopaedic Technologists: Information about the association, membership, recognized schools. Based in North Carolina.
New Jersey Orthopaedic Society-Orthopaedic Surgeons of New Jersey: Membership information, mission, calendar of events, related links and contact information.
New York State Society of Orthopaedic Surgeons: Information on Federal and State legislators, orthopedic focus, meeting and membership information. (Clinton, NY)
Orthopaedic Trauma Association: Includes information about the OTA, its membership, meetings and courses, calendar, events, education, discussion forums and a newsletter.
Orthoptic Association of Australia: National allied health association: information on training, scientific conferences, membership
Società Italiana Chirurgia Ginocchio: English version of the Italian Society for Knee Surgery, with forum, surgical techniques, information about our society, othopaedic meetings and orthopaedic links.
Southern Orthopaedic Association: SOA was established to provide a forum for the exchange of original, practical, medical and surgical information in orthopaedics. An affiliate of Southern Medical Association and operates exclusively for charitable, scientific and educational purposes. Based in Alabama.
Texas Orthopaedic Association: TOA represents over 3,000 Texas Orthopaedic Surgeons. Find an orthopaedic surgeon in your city. Visit physician member web sites.
This directory is based on the Open Directory and may have been modified