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Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - Current Table Of Contents
Editorial introductions.
Page: viiDOI: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e32831a6d3f
Decision support systems for antibiotic prescribing.
Page: 573DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283118932Authors: Sintchenko, Vitali a,b,c; Coiera, Enrico c; Gilbert, Gwendolyn L a,b
Therapeutic drug monitoring for triazoles.
Page: 580DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283184611Authors: Hope, William W a; Billaud, Eliane M b; Lestner, Jodie a; Denning, David W a
NEJM — Collection Updates for Infectious Diseases
CORRESPONDENCE: MRSA USA300 Clone and VREF — A U.S.–Colombian Connection?
Cesar A. Arias, M.D., Ph.D., Sandra Rincon, M.Sc., Shahreen Chowdhury, B.S., Ernesto Martínez, M.D., Wilfrido Coronell, M.D., Jinnethe Reyes, M.Sc., Sreedhar R. Nallapareddy, M.Sc., Ph.D., and Barbara E. Murray, M.D.To the Editor: In the United States, the dissemination of a major clone of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), designated USA300, and outbreaks of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VREF) have been...
CLINICAL DECISIONS: Management of Skin and Soft-Tissue Infection
A 20-year-old college basketball player presents to the emergency department with a 2-day history of a red, painful area on his right buttock. He reports that there was no specific...
REVIEW ARTICLE: Infection in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients
Jay A. Fishman, M.D.Increasingly potent immunosuppressive agents have dramatically reduced the incidence of rejection of transplanted organs while increasing patients' susceptibility to opportunistic infections and cancer.12 At the same time, patterns of opportunistic...
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CDC Recommends Shingles Vaccine
People age 60 and older should be vaccinated against shingles, or herpes zoster, a condition often marked by debilitating chronic pain...
New CDC Study Finds Arthritis Can be a Barrier for Adults Seeking to Manage Diabetes through Physical Activity
More than half of adults with diagnosed diabetes also have arthritis, a painful condition that can be a barrier to physical activity—an important health strategy for managing diabetes...
Falls a Leading Cause of Injury-Related Emergency Department Visits for Infants Each Year, CDC Study Shows
Half of the estimated 328,500 infants 12 months of age or younger who were treated for injuries in hospital emergency departments each year from 2001 to 2004 were injured as a result of a fall, according to a study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
BMC Infectious Diseases - Latest articles
Risky sexual practices among youth attending a sexually transmitted infection clinic in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Willy K Urassa, Candida Moshiro, Guerino Chalamila, Fred Mhalu and Eric Sandstrom Wed, 19 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Background: Youth have been reported to be at a higher risk of acquiring STIs with significant adverse health and social consequences. Knowledge on the prevailing risky practices is an essential tool to guide preventive strategies. Methods: Youth aged between 18 and 25 years attending an STI clinic were recruited. Social, sexual and demographic characteristics were elicited using a structured standard questionnaire. Blood samples were tested for syphilis and HIV infections. Urethral, high vaginal and cervical swabs were screened for common STI agents. Results: A total of 304 youth were studied with mean age of 21.5 and 20.3 years for males and females respectively. 63.5% of youth were seeking STI care. The mean age of coitache was 16.4 and 16.2 years for males and females respectively. The first sexual partner was significantly older in females compared to male youth (23.0 vs 16.8 years) (p<0.01). 93.2% of male youth reported more than one sexual lifetime partner compared to 63.0% of the females. Only 50% of males compared to 43% of females had ever used a condom and fewer than 8.3% of female youth used other contraceptive methods. 27.1% of pregnancies were unplanned and 60% of abortions were induced. 42.0% of female youth had received gifts/money for sexual favours. The HIV prevalence was 15.3 % and 7.5% for females and males respectively. The prevalence of other STIs was relatively low. Among male youth, use of alcohol or illicit drugs was associated with increased risk of HIV infection. However, the age of sexual initiation, number of sexual partners or the age of the first sexual partner were not associated with increased risk of being HIV infected. Conclusion: Most female youth seen at the STI clinic had their first sexual intercourse with older males. Youth were engaging in high risk unprotected sexual practices which were predisposing them to STIs and unplanned pregnancies. There is a great need to establish more youth-friendly reproductive health clinics, encourage consistent and correct use of condoms, delay in sexual debut and avoid older sexual partners in females.
Effect of treating Schistosoma haematobium infection on Plasmodium falciparum-specific antibody responses
Liam J Reilly, Christiana Magkrioti, David R Cavanagh, Takafira Mduluza and Francisca Mutapi Mon, 17 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Background: The overlapping geographical and socio-economic distribution of malaria and helminth infection has led to several studies investigating the immunological and pathological interactions of these parasites. This study focuses on the effect of treating schistosome infections on natural human immune responses directed against plasmodia merozoite surface proteins MSP-1 (DPKMWR, MSP119), and MSP-2 (CH150 and Dd2) which are potential vaccine candidates as well as crude malaria (schizont) and schistosome (whole worm homogenate) proteins. Methods: IgG1 and IgG3 antibody responses directed against Schistosoma haematobium crude adult worm antigen (WWH) and Plasmodium falciparum antigens (merozoite surface proteins 1/2 and schizont extract), were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 117 Zimbabweans (6-18 years old) exposed to S. haematobium and P. falciparum infection. These responses were measured before and after anti-helminth treatment with praziquantel to determine the effects of treatment on anti-plasmodial/schistosome responses. Results: There were no significant associations between antibody responses (IgG1/IgG3) directed against P. falciparum and schistosomes before treatment. Six weeks after schistosome treatment there were significant changes in levels of IgG1 directed against schistosome crude antigens, plasmodia crude antigens, MSP-119, MSP-2 (Dd2), and in IgG3 directed against MSP-119. However, only changes in anti-schistosome IgG1 were attributable to the anti-helminth treatment. Conclusions: There was no association between anti-P. falciparum and S. haematobium antibody responses in this population and anti-helminth treatment affected only anti-schistosome responses and not responses against plasmodia crude antigens or MSP-1 and -2 vaccine candidates.
Re-emergence of tularemia in Germany: Presence of Francisella tularensis in different rodent species in endemic areas
Philipp Kaysser, Erik Seibold, Kerstin Matz-Rensing, Martin Pfeffer, Sandra Essbauer and Wolf D Splettstoesser Mon, 17 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Background: Tularemia re-emerged in Germany starting in 2004 (with 39 human cases from 2004 to 2007) after over 40 years of only sporadic human infections. The reasons for this rise in case numbers are unknown as is the possible reservoir of the etiologic agent Francisella (F.) tularensis. No systematic study on the reservoir situation of F. tularensis has been published for Germany so far. Methods: We investigated three areas six to ten months after the initial tularemia outbreaks for the presence of F. tularensis among small mammals, ticks/fleas and water. The investigations consisted of animal live-trapping, serologic testing, screening by real-time-PCR and cultivation. Results: A total of 386 small mammals were trapped. F. tularensis was detected in five different rodent species with infection ratios of 2.04, 6.94 and 10.87 % per trapping area. None of the ticks or fleas (n = 432) tested positive for F. tularensis. We were able to demonstrate F. tularensis-specific DNA in one of 28 water samples taken in one of the outbreak areas. Conclusions: The findings of our study stress the need for long-term surveillance of natural foci in order to get a better understanding of the reasons for the temporal and spatial patterns of tularemia in Germany.
Cytokine activation is predictive of mortality in Zambian patients with AIDS-related diarrhoea
Isaac Zulu, Ghaniah Hassan, Lungowe Njobvu, Winnie Dhaliwal, Sandie Sianongo and Paul Kelly Thu, 13 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Background: Mortality in Zambian AIDS patients is high, especially in patients with diarrhoea, and there is still unacceptably high mortality in Zambian patients just starting anti-retroviral therapy. We set out to determine if high concentrations of serum cytokines correlate with mortality. Methods: Serum samples from 30 healthy controls (HIV seropositive and seronegative) and 50 patients with diarrhoea (20 of whom died within 6 weeks) were analysed. Concentrations of tumour necrosis factor receptor p55 (TNFR p55), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, interferon (IFN)-gamma and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured by ELISA, and correlated with mortality after 6 weeks follow-up. Results: Apart from IL-12, concentrations of all cytokines, TNFR p55 and CRP increased with worsening severity of disease, showing highly statistically significant trends. In a multivariable analysis high TNFR p55, IFN-gamma, CRP and low CD4 count (CD4 count <100) were predictive of mortality. Although nutritional status (assessed by body mass index, BMI) was predictive in univariate analysis, it was not an independent predictor in multivariate analysis. Conclusions: High serum concentrations of TNFR p55, IFN-gamma, CRP and low CD4 count correlated with disease severity and short-term mortality in HIV-infected Zambian adults with diarrhoea. These factors were better predictors of survival than BMI. Understanding the cause of TNFR p55, IFN-gamma and CRP elevation may be useful in development of interventions to reduce mortality in AIDS patients with chronic diarrhoea in Africa.
Colonization and/or infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus after living donor liver transplantation: a case control study
Masao Hashimoto, Yasuhiko Sugawara, Sumihito Tamura, Junichi Kaneko, Yuichi Matsui, Junichi Togashi, Kyoji Moriya, Kazuhiko Koike and Masatoshi Makuuchi Tue, 11 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Background: The incidence and risk factors of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) acquisition after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) are unclear. The aim of the present study was to assess the incidence and to analyze the risk factors for the acquisition of MRSA after LDLT in adults by multivariate analysis. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the data from 158 adult patients that underwent LDLT at the Tokyo University Hospital. The microbiologic and medical records of the patients from admission to 3 months after LDLT were reviewed. Uni- and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the risk factors for postoperative acquisition of MRSA. Results: Postoperative MRSA acquisition was detected in 35 of 158 patients by median postoperative day 18. Age (>= 60 y) and perioperative dialysis and/or apheresis predicted postoperative MRSA acquisition by multivariate analysis. In contrast, postoperative use of fluoroquinolone was negatively associated with acquisition of MRSA. Conclusion: MRSA arises early after LDLT in adults with a high incidence (35 of 158 patients). Surveillance culture should be checked periodically after LDLT to identify and prevent the transmission of MRSA.
Streptococcus intermedius causing infective endocarditis and abscesses: a report of three cases and review of the literature.
MaryAnn Tran, Molly Caldwell-McMillan, Whalid Khalife and Vincent B Young Mon, 10 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Background: Streptococcus intermedius is a member of the Streptococcus anginosus group. Clinical disease with S. intermedius is characterized by abscess formation and rarely endocarditis. Identification of Streptococcus intermedius is difficult, leading to the development of molecular methods to more accurately identify and characterize this organism. Case presentationOver a period of 6 months we encountered three cases of invasive Streptococcus intermedius infection presenting as hepatic abscesses, brain abscess, and endocarditis. We confirmed our microbiologic diagnosis through 16S sequencing and found a common virulence gene in each case. Conclusions: Our report illustrates three different clinical manifestations due to Streptococcus intermedius infection that can be encountered in healthy individuals in a community hospital setting. To our knowledge, this is the first case of Streptococcus intermedius endocarditis confirmed by 16S sequencing analysis. The use of molecular methods may allow a better understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of this organism.
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - Current Table Of Contents
Editorial introductions.
Page: viiDOI: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e32831a6d3f
Decision support systems for antibiotic prescribing.
Page: 573DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283118932Authors: Sintchenko, Vitali a,b,c; Coiera, Enrico c; Gilbert, Gwendolyn L a,b
Therapeutic drug monitoring for triazoles.
Page: 580DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283184611Authors: Hope, William W a; Billaud, Eliane M b; Lestner, Jodie a; Denning, David W a
Subscribe to Mycoplasmal RSS feed 
Editorial introductions.
Page: viiDOI: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e32831a6d3f
Decision support systems for antibiotic prescribing.
Page: 573DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283118932Authors: Sintchenko, Vitali a,b,c; Coiera, Enrico c; Gilbert, Gwendolyn L a,b
Therapeutic drug monitoring for triazoles.
Page: 580DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283184611Authors: Hope, William W a; Billaud, Eliane M b; Lestner, Jodie a; Denning, David W a
NEJM — Collection Updates for Infectious Diseases
CORRESPONDENCE: MRSA USA300 Clone and VREF — A U.S.–Colombian Connection?
Cesar A. Arias, M.D., Ph.D., Sandra Rincon, M.Sc., Shahreen Chowdhury, B.S., Ernesto Martínez, M.D., Wilfrido Coronell, M.D., Jinnethe Reyes, M.Sc., Sreedhar R. Nallapareddy, M.Sc., Ph.D., and Barbara E. Murray, M.D.To the Editor: In the United States, the dissemination of a major clone of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), designated USA300, and outbreaks of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VREF) have been...
CLINICAL DECISIONS: Management of Skin and Soft-Tissue Infection
A 20-year-old college basketball player presents to the emergency department with a 2-day history of a red, painful area on his right buttock. He reports that there was no specific...
REVIEW ARTICLE: Infection in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients
Jay A. Fishman, M.D.Increasingly potent immunosuppressive agents have dramatically reduced the incidence of rejection of transplanted organs while increasing patients' susceptibility to opportunistic infections and cancer.12 At the same time, patterns of opportunistic...
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CDC Recommends Shingles Vaccine
People age 60 and older should be vaccinated against shingles, or herpes zoster, a condition often marked by debilitating chronic pain...
New CDC Study Finds Arthritis Can be a Barrier for Adults Seeking to Manage Diabetes through Physical Activity
More than half of adults with diagnosed diabetes also have arthritis, a painful condition that can be a barrier to physical activity—an important health strategy for managing diabetes...
Falls a Leading Cause of Injury-Related Emergency Department Visits for Infants Each Year, CDC Study Shows
Half of the estimated 328,500 infants 12 months of age or younger who were treated for injuries in hospital emergency departments each year from 2001 to 2004 were injured as a result of a fall, according to a study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
BMC Infectious Diseases - Latest articles
Risky sexual practices among youth attending a sexually transmitted infection clinic in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Willy K Urassa, Candida Moshiro, Guerino Chalamila, Fred Mhalu and Eric Sandstrom Wed, 19 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Background: Youth have been reported to be at a higher risk of acquiring STIs with significant adverse health and social consequences. Knowledge on the prevailing risky practices is an essential tool to guide preventive strategies. Methods: Youth aged between 18 and 25 years attending an STI clinic were recruited. Social, sexual and demographic characteristics were elicited using a structured standard questionnaire. Blood samples were tested for syphilis and HIV infections. Urethral, high vaginal and cervical swabs were screened for common STI agents. Results: A total of 304 youth were studied with mean age of 21.5 and 20.3 years for males and females respectively. 63.5% of youth were seeking STI care. The mean age of coitache was 16.4 and 16.2 years for males and females respectively. The first sexual partner was significantly older in females compared to male youth (23.0 vs 16.8 years) (p<0.01). 93.2% of male youth reported more than one sexual lifetime partner compared to 63.0% of the females. Only 50% of males compared to 43% of females had ever used a condom and fewer than 8.3% of female youth used other contraceptive methods. 27.1% of pregnancies were unplanned and 60% of abortions were induced. 42.0% of female youth had received gifts/money for sexual favours. The HIV prevalence was 15.3 % and 7.5% for females and males respectively. The prevalence of other STIs was relatively low. Among male youth, use of alcohol or illicit drugs was associated with increased risk of HIV infection. However, the age of sexual initiation, number of sexual partners or the age of the first sexual partner were not associated with increased risk of being HIV infected. Conclusion: Most female youth seen at the STI clinic had their first sexual intercourse with older males. Youth were engaging in high risk unprotected sexual practices which were predisposing them to STIs and unplanned pregnancies. There is a great need to establish more youth-friendly reproductive health clinics, encourage consistent and correct use of condoms, delay in sexual debut and avoid older sexual partners in females.
Effect of treating Schistosoma haematobium infection on Plasmodium falciparum-specific antibody responses
Liam J Reilly, Christiana Magkrioti, David R Cavanagh, Takafira Mduluza and Francisca Mutapi Mon, 17 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Background: The overlapping geographical and socio-economic distribution of malaria and helminth infection has led to several studies investigating the immunological and pathological interactions of these parasites. This study focuses on the effect of treating schistosome infections on natural human immune responses directed against plasmodia merozoite surface proteins MSP-1 (DPKMWR, MSP119), and MSP-2 (CH150 and Dd2) which are potential vaccine candidates as well as crude malaria (schizont) and schistosome (whole worm homogenate) proteins. Methods: IgG1 and IgG3 antibody responses directed against Schistosoma haematobium crude adult worm antigen (WWH) and Plasmodium falciparum antigens (merozoite surface proteins 1/2 and schizont extract), were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 117 Zimbabweans (6-18 years old) exposed to S. haematobium and P. falciparum infection. These responses were measured before and after anti-helminth treatment with praziquantel to determine the effects of treatment on anti-plasmodial/schistosome responses. Results: There were no significant associations between antibody responses (IgG1/IgG3) directed against P. falciparum and schistosomes before treatment. Six weeks after schistosome treatment there were significant changes in levels of IgG1 directed against schistosome crude antigens, plasmodia crude antigens, MSP-119, MSP-2 (Dd2), and in IgG3 directed against MSP-119. However, only changes in anti-schistosome IgG1 were attributable to the anti-helminth treatment. Conclusions: There was no association between anti-P. falciparum and S. haematobium antibody responses in this population and anti-helminth treatment affected only anti-schistosome responses and not responses against plasmodia crude antigens or MSP-1 and -2 vaccine candidates.
Re-emergence of tularemia in Germany: Presence of Francisella tularensis in different rodent species in endemic areas
Philipp Kaysser, Erik Seibold, Kerstin Matz-Rensing, Martin Pfeffer, Sandra Essbauer and Wolf D Splettstoesser Mon, 17 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Background: Tularemia re-emerged in Germany starting in 2004 (with 39 human cases from 2004 to 2007) after over 40 years of only sporadic human infections. The reasons for this rise in case numbers are unknown as is the possible reservoir of the etiologic agent Francisella (F.) tularensis. No systematic study on the reservoir situation of F. tularensis has been published for Germany so far. Methods: We investigated three areas six to ten months after the initial tularemia outbreaks for the presence of F. tularensis among small mammals, ticks/fleas and water. The investigations consisted of animal live-trapping, serologic testing, screening by real-time-PCR and cultivation. Results: A total of 386 small mammals were trapped. F. tularensis was detected in five different rodent species with infection ratios of 2.04, 6.94 and 10.87 % per trapping area. None of the ticks or fleas (n = 432) tested positive for F. tularensis. We were able to demonstrate F. tularensis-specific DNA in one of 28 water samples taken in one of the outbreak areas. Conclusions: The findings of our study stress the need for long-term surveillance of natural foci in order to get a better understanding of the reasons for the temporal and spatial patterns of tularemia in Germany.
Cytokine activation is predictive of mortality in Zambian patients with AIDS-related diarrhoea
Isaac Zulu, Ghaniah Hassan, Lungowe Njobvu, Winnie Dhaliwal, Sandie Sianongo and Paul Kelly Thu, 13 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Background: Mortality in Zambian AIDS patients is high, especially in patients with diarrhoea, and there is still unacceptably high mortality in Zambian patients just starting anti-retroviral therapy. We set out to determine if high concentrations of serum cytokines correlate with mortality. Methods: Serum samples from 30 healthy controls (HIV seropositive and seronegative) and 50 patients with diarrhoea (20 of whom died within 6 weeks) were analysed. Concentrations of tumour necrosis factor receptor p55 (TNFR p55), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, interferon (IFN)-gamma and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured by ELISA, and correlated with mortality after 6 weeks follow-up. Results: Apart from IL-12, concentrations of all cytokines, TNFR p55 and CRP increased with worsening severity of disease, showing highly statistically significant trends. In a multivariable analysis high TNFR p55, IFN-gamma, CRP and low CD4 count (CD4 count <100) were predictive of mortality. Although nutritional status (assessed by body mass index, BMI) was predictive in univariate analysis, it was not an independent predictor in multivariate analysis. Conclusions: High serum concentrations of TNFR p55, IFN-gamma, CRP and low CD4 count correlated with disease severity and short-term mortality in HIV-infected Zambian adults with diarrhoea. These factors were better predictors of survival than BMI. Understanding the cause of TNFR p55, IFN-gamma and CRP elevation may be useful in development of interventions to reduce mortality in AIDS patients with chronic diarrhoea in Africa.
Colonization and/or infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus after living donor liver transplantation: a case control study
Masao Hashimoto, Yasuhiko Sugawara, Sumihito Tamura, Junichi Kaneko, Yuichi Matsui, Junichi Togashi, Kyoji Moriya, Kazuhiko Koike and Masatoshi Makuuchi Tue, 11 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Background: The incidence and risk factors of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) acquisition after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) are unclear. The aim of the present study was to assess the incidence and to analyze the risk factors for the acquisition of MRSA after LDLT in adults by multivariate analysis. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the data from 158 adult patients that underwent LDLT at the Tokyo University Hospital. The microbiologic and medical records of the patients from admission to 3 months after LDLT were reviewed. Uni- and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the risk factors for postoperative acquisition of MRSA. Results: Postoperative MRSA acquisition was detected in 35 of 158 patients by median postoperative day 18. Age (>= 60 y) and perioperative dialysis and/or apheresis predicted postoperative MRSA acquisition by multivariate analysis. In contrast, postoperative use of fluoroquinolone was negatively associated with acquisition of MRSA. Conclusion: MRSA arises early after LDLT in adults with a high incidence (35 of 158 patients). Surveillance culture should be checked periodically after LDLT to identify and prevent the transmission of MRSA.
Streptococcus intermedius causing infective endocarditis and abscesses: a report of three cases and review of the literature.
MaryAnn Tran, Molly Caldwell-McMillan, Whalid Khalife and Vincent B Young Mon, 10 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Background: Streptococcus intermedius is a member of the Streptococcus anginosus group. Clinical disease with S. intermedius is characterized by abscess formation and rarely endocarditis. Identification of Streptococcus intermedius is difficult, leading to the development of molecular methods to more accurately identify and characterize this organism. Case presentationOver a period of 6 months we encountered three cases of invasive Streptococcus intermedius infection presenting as hepatic abscesses, brain abscess, and endocarditis. We confirmed our microbiologic diagnosis through 16S sequencing and found a common virulence gene in each case. Conclusions: Our report illustrates three different clinical manifestations due to Streptococcus intermedius infection that can be encountered in healthy individuals in a community hospital setting. To our knowledge, this is the first case of Streptococcus intermedius endocarditis confirmed by 16S sequencing analysis. The use of molecular methods may allow a better understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of this organism.
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases - Current Table Of Contents
Editorial introductions.
Page: viiDOI: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e32831a6d3f
Decision support systems for antibiotic prescribing.
Page: 573DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283118932Authors: Sintchenko, Vitali a,b,c; Coiera, Enrico c; Gilbert, Gwendolyn L a,b
Therapeutic drug monitoring for triazoles.
Page: 580DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283184611Authors: Hope, William W a; Billaud, Eliane M b; Lestner, Jodie a; Denning, David W a
Sites:
Gulf War Syndrome and Mycoplasma: Selected articles on the relationship between mycoplasmas and gulf war syndrome (GWS).Mycoplasma Lecture from Emedicine.com: Ureaplasma Infection - Mycoplasma species are the smallest free-living organisms and are unique among prokaryotes in that they lack a cell wall. This feature is largely responsible for their biologic properties, including lack of a Gram stain reaction and nonsusceptibility to many commonly pres...
Mycoplasma and ALS: Information on the role of mycoplasma infections within amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Mycoplasma Info at About.com: Find the facts about fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome at this online resource center. You will discover treatment options, the latest research, coping strategies, and disability issues related to fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome.
Mycoplasma Overview by Shasta CFIDS: A variety of articles discussing the role of chronic mycoplasma infections within chronic fatigue syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia.
Mycoplasma Penetrans and Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Scientific case report of a patient with clinical features of PAPS infected with mycoplasma penetrans.
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Research from Emergency Medicine: Pneumonia, Mycoplasma - Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia, and the disease usually is of gradual onset. In 1938, Reimann probably described the first cases of mycoplasmal pneumonia. Reimann coined the term "atypical pneumonia" after observing 7 patients in P...
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae: the mystery bug: Research paper on mycoplasma pneumoniae discussing structure, gnome, transmission and treatment
Mycoplasma Registry: The American Gulf War Veterans Association presents an on-line patient registration and survey form.
Mycoplasma Research from Immunosciences: Research papers about the role of mycoplasmas within chronic illnesses like chronic fatigue syndrome, RA, GWS and fibromyalgia.
Mycoplasmas - Stealth Pathogens: Mycoplasmas are new generation bacteria - stealth pathogens which may be the cause or significant cofactors in many autoimmune diseases like fibromyalgia, arthritis, Chronic Fatigue, MS, lupus and many others
Mycoplasmas by Shmuel Razin: Research paper discussing general concepts, structure, class and pathogenesis of mycoplasmas. The author also focuses on the different subspecies and chronic illnesses in which mycoplasmas are involved.
Mycoplasmas: Sophisticated, Re-emerging and Burdened by Their Notoriety: Research paper by Joel B. Baseman and Joseph G. Tully discussing the role of mycoplasmas within various diseases: overview of all different strains and mechanisms of pathogenicity.
Research Publications on Mycoplasma: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ( CFS ), Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Rickettsia Research, Treatment, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Cause, Mecidation
Scientific Facts Versus Fiction about Mycoplasma: Research article by Aristo Vojdani on the role of mycoplasmas within disease.
The Institute of Molecular Medicine: A nonprofit institute dedicated to discovering new diagnostic and therapeutic solutions for chronic mycoplasma infections.
This directory is based on the Open Directory and may have been modified